Human Subject Research Human medical experiments are also known as human subject research. The Department of Health and Human Services describes a human research subject as a living person whom a researcher obtains data from. Human subject research is basically an experiment that is conducted to be used as research or clinically oriented that involves the use of humans for the experimentation. It involves both the gathering and evaluation of the information collected to answer a specific question. Some examples of clinically oriented studies include the analysis of biological specimens, epidemiological and behavioral studies. Some examples of research oriented studies include surveys, interviews, focus groups, and questionnaires. Human subject studies are used in various fields, including research on basic biology, clinical medicine, nursing, psychology, sociology, political science, and anthropology. As early as the 19th century, human experiments have been performed in the U.S, which later were characterized as being unethical. Most of the experiments were performed illegally, and without the consent of the subjects being tested. The Majority of the tests being performed were on children and the mentally ill. A large number of those subjects were poor, minorities, and prisoners in many of the studies. Medical Experiments Conducted Today Although I do not know of anyone who has participated in any human experiments, there are hundreds that take place every year. Some that I have come across for the year 2013 alone may have merit. One study that was conducted this year was how cell phone usage may be tied to college student’s anxiety. The study suggests that college students who can’t keep their hands off their mobile devices,... ... middle of paper ... ...to generate safety data, adverse drug reactions and adverse effects. Works Cited Avid Cellphone Use by College Kids Tied to Anxiety, Lower Grades. (2013, December 13). Retrieved December 20, 2013, from Medline Plus: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_143389.html Human Subjects Research in the News. (2013, November). Retrieved December 23, 2013, from The University of Iowa: http://hso.research.uiowa.edu/news-all Clinical Trials and Human Subject Protection. (n.d.). Retrieved December 20, 2013, from Food and Drug Administration: http://www.fda.gov/ScienceResearch/SpecialTopics/RunningClinicalTrials/default.htm Veracity, D. (2006, march 6). Human medical experimentation in the United States: The shocking true history of modern medicine and psychiatry (1833-1965). Retrieved December 19, 2013, from Natural News: http://www.naturalnews.com/019189.html#
The experiment lasted more than forty years and did not garner media attention until 1972, when it was finally made public by Jean Heller of the Associated Press to an outraged nation. The fact that a medical practitioner would knowingly violate an individual’s rights makes one question their bioethical practices. What gives doctors the right to make a human being a lab rat? When both of these case studies began in the earlier half of the 20th century, African Americans were still fighting for the most
Vidich J A., 1955. Participant Observation and the Collection and interpretation of Data. American Journal of Sociology.Vol.60, No.4, pp. 354-360
This point alludes to discrimination and asserts that medical research should include an equal number of subjects of various sex, race, age, and backgrounds in order to better the human race as a whole. By implementing these parameters into biomedical research, organizations can better civilization while doing so in an ethical manner. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study has raised numerous questions and concerns regarding regulation within professional trades. Doctors and physicians take a Hippocratic Oath and swear to help those around them. This experiment demonstrated why ethics and stringent control measures are required when people’s lives are at stake.
The history of animal experimentation and tests, and the argument surrounding it, has an expansive and somewhat extensive history. Some of the first medical research that was conducted on living animals was done by Aelius Galenus, better known as Galen, in the second century C.E. There have been examples of animal testing in earlier dates, but Galen devoted his life to understanding science and medicine, so he is attributed to being the father of vivisection. In the twelfth century, an Arabic physician named Avenzoar introduced animal testing dissections as a means to better understand surgery before preforming the operation on a human patient. Edmund O’Meara made one of the first opposing ar...
The land of the free is probably thought to be the least likely place to find malpractice when it comes to the well being of its citizens, but the United State's history proves that it can be a hotbed of unethical testing. The dawn of human experimentation for the United States beg...
An example of a popular unethical research was one named Little Albert in 1920. John Watson, was the behaviorist psychologist who was conducting the research. His whole purpose was to use orphans in his experiments by proving if fear was innate or a conditioned. Little Albert was then exposed to white things and animals such as a monkey, a rat, a rabbit, a mask with and without hair, cotton wool, burning newspaper and other things without conditioning for two months. Anytime Little Albert tried to play with the white rat Watson would punish him by striking a steel hammer. As a response Little Albert became very frightened, the symbol of a white rat interfered and caused distress. The effect of this experiment was that anytime little albert
For centuries, medical research on human subjects has been conducted across the world. Historical accounts of medical human research date back to the development of vaccinations in the 1796 (Stern, 2005); although, it is understood that studies to further understand the human body were conducted centuries before this. Through these vaccination experiments, profound evidence emerged that would drastically impact and help global populations (Stern, 2005). Unfortunately, in other cases, results were detrimental and torturous to the human subjects. These kinds of studies often focused on the progression of diseases or the effects of biological or pharmaceutical agents on humans. Regardless
Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1976. Call Number: HV4711.A56. American Medical Association. The “Animal Experimentation Benefits Human Health”. Animal Rights Opposing Viewpoints?
Unethical experiments have occurred long before people considered it was wrong. The protagonist of the practice of human experimentation justify their views on the basis that such experiments yield results for the good of society that are unprocurable by other methods or means of study ( Vollmann 1448 ).The reasons for the experiments were to understand, prevent, and treat disease, and often there is not a substitute for a human subject. This is true for study of illnesses such as depression, delusional states that manifest themselves partly by altering human subjectivity, and impairing cognitive functioning. Concluding, some experiments have the tendency to destroy the lives of the humans that have been experimented on.
According to the article Animal Testing 101,” More than 100 million Animals suffer and die in the U.S every year in cruel chemical, drug, food, and cosmetics tests as well as in medical training exercises and curiosity-driven medical experiments at universities.” Many people do not know the negatives on animal testing including how the animals are treated inhumanely and how the animals do not react the same ways as humans. Some alternatives to animal testing would be to test on samples of human tissue, human cells, or people could test on computers that can simulate a human.
Introduction: Throughout history, there are many examples of humans conducting experiments on other humans. Over the years human experimentation has greatly advanced the knowledge of human physiology and psychology, leading to better treatments for ailments both physical and mental as well as a better overall understanding of the human constitution. Despite all of the good that human experimentation has done for the human race, there have been times when experimenters have taken human experimentation past the bounds of morality. This unethical human experimentation is most often caused when the experimenters are, in some way, able to justify their experiments.
Docksai, Rick. Teens and cell phones: cell phones can be noisy and distracting. But they can also be an aid to learning." The Futurist. Jan.-Feb.
A large controversy that has been brought to the attention of many people across the globe, is the topic of prisoners and medical research. Throughout history we see prisoners are used to test both harmless and harmful diseases for the sake of medical research. Although its seems like it's a good idea of used those who wronged the public, but the methods used to conduct these studies are quite the opposite of harmless. In history a great example of this is the Nuremberg Trials during World War II when Nazi doctors wrongfully tested on Jewish inmates. Prisoners should not be allowed to participate in medical research because they are unable to understand consent forms, they are considered a vulnerable population and they are sometimes tested unethically.
Netzley, D. Patricia. How Does Cell Phone Use Impact Teenagers?” Reference Point Press. San Diego, Ca. C.S.A. - 2013 Print.
It provides information on some of the alternative methods that can be useful, “It is a fact that there are many alternatives to using animals in testing. They include clinical and epidemiological surveys, tissue and cell cultures, organ cultures, bacteria cultures and protozoan studies, quantum pharmacology, mathematical and computer models, genetic engineering, the ames test, the CAM test, audiovisual guides and aids and a lot more.” (Tabak). Human beings argue that animal testing is not necessary. There are other tools that can be used when experimenting. A common one is computer models or even 3D printing. These are some of the tools that just came to light. A couple of more year into the future and animal testing will be off the