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Case study 3 congestive heart failure
Case study 3 congestive heart failure
Case study on congestive heart failure
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Congested Heart Failure is a chronic condition that affects pumping power of the heart muscle. Sometimes it is just referred to “heart failure”, sometimes people without specifying can understand different. Congested heart Failure specify talks about where the fluids build up around the heart causing it to pump inefficiently. In the heart we have four chambers in which the ventricle is the one that pumps blood to the organs. Congested Heart Failure also known as CHF starts to develop when the ventricles cannot pump enough blood to the whole body. As that starts to happen the blood starts to back up inside the lungs, liver, abdomen, and lower body. As everyone knows CHF can be life threatening.
Symptoms of CHF may vary from person to person.
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, also known as HCM, is a type of heart disease that affects the Cardiac Muscles and Cardiac Muscle cells. This disease occurs if the Cardiac Muscle cells enlarge, which causes the wall of the heart’s ventricles (most often the left ventricle) to thicken. It can also cause stiffness in the ventricles, as well as mitral valve and cellular changes.
The aim of this report is to provide an overview of chronic heart failure, examining signs symptoms and treatment related to the case study, and the anatomy and physiology of the heart will be discussed, and the pathophysiology of chronic heart failure.
It occurs because of repetitive electrical activity. This can occur in a patient with early or late heart failure, because there is damage to the heart tissue and the heart beats faster to try to supply the body with blood. Recommended treatment is elective cardioversion. Drugs used include an antidysrhythmic such as Mexitil or Sotalol (Ignatavicius &Workman, p. 728-729).
The thickening of the muscle cells do not necessarily have to change the size of the ventricles, but can narrow the blood vessels inside the heart. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can be grouped into two categories: obstructive HCM and non-obstructive HCM. With obstructive HCM, the septum (the wall that divides the left and right sides of the heart) becomes thickened and blocks the blood flow out of the left ventricle. Overall, HCM usually starts in the left ventricle. HCM can also cause blood to leak backward through the mitral valve causing even more problems. The walls of the ventricles can also become stiff since it cannot hold a normal amount of blood. This stiffening causes the ventricle to not relax and entirely fill with
This systematic review conducted by Takeda A, Taylor SJC, Taylor RS, Khan F, Krum H, Underwood M, (2012) sourced twenty-five trials, and the overall number of people of the collective trials included was 5,942. Interventions were classified and assessed using the following headings.-
These causes will change the heart significantly. The pathophysiology of heart failure is described differently as: (1) an oedematous disorder, by means of which the deviations in renal hemodynamics and excretory ability lead to salt and water holding; (2) a hemodynamic disorder, considered by peripheral vasoconstriction and decreased cardiac output; (3) a neurohormonal disorder, mainly by stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and adrenergic nervous system; (4) an inflammatory syndrome, related with amplified local and circulation pro-inflammatory cytokines; (5) a myocardial disease, started with an damage to the heart trailed by pathological ventricular transformation. In heart failure, the heart sustains either a sudden or longstanding structural injury. When damage occurs, sequences of firstly compensatory but consequently maladaptive mechanisms follow (Henry & Abraham, ).
Congestive Heart Failure is when the heart's pumping power is weaker than normal. It does not mean the heart has stopped working. The blood moves through the heart and body at a slower rate, and pressure in the heart increases. This means; the heart cannot pump enough oxygen and nutrients to meet the body's needs. The chambers of the heart respond by stretching to hold more blood to pump through the body or by becoming more stiff and thickened. This only keeps the blood moving for a short while. The heart muscle walls weaken and are unable to pump as strongly. This makes the kidneys respond by causing the body to retain fluid and sodium. When the body builds up with fluids, it becomes congested. Many conditions can cause heart failure, and they are Coronary artery disease, Heart attack, Cardiomyopathy, and conditions that overwork the heart.
According to the European Society of Cardiology Guidelines [ESC] (2012) heart failure is diagnosed by symptoms such as dyspnoea, fatigue, either at rest or during exertion.
Left-sided heart failure is the most common type of heart failure, and it is a result of left-ventricular dysfunction. This disease poses a significant threat to patients because the primary function of the left side of the heart is to provide sufficient oxygenated blood to satisfy the metabolic demands of the body’s cells. Understanding the main function of this portion of the heart will help with the understanding of other complications associated with this diseased. Left-sided heart failure is usually the result of the loss of heart muscle function, specifically in the left ventricle secondary to coronary artery disease, prolonged hypertension, or myocardial infection (Lewis et al. 2014, 766). The pathophysiology of left-sided heart failure is primary a macroscopic disorder and will be described as such.
“Heart failure is a chronic, progressive condition in which the heart muscle is unable to pump enough blood through to meet the body's needs for blood and oxygen” (American Heart Association, 2012, para 3). What this basically means is that the body is functioning in a way that the heart cannot keep up with. Although heart failure can be acute and occur suddenly, it usually develops over time and is a long-term or chronic condition. There are two different types of heart failure, left-sided and right-sided, and they can be caused by other diseases such as diabetes, coronary heart disease, or high blood pressure (National Institutes of Health, 2012). In most cases, both sides of the heart are affected simultaneously.
CHF also leads to weakening of the ventricles, making them unable to pump blood efficiently, thus, resulting in pulmonary congestion (Churchhouse & Thomas, 2010, p.36). These pathophysiology
Congestive heart failure represents the end product of the many conditions that reduce the thrusting ability of the heart. Congestive heart failure is not a detailed disease but a illness that is measured by the inability of the heart to pump blood adequate with the metabolic needs of the body. Heart failure is accompanied by overcrowding of the body tissues. For instance, heart failure may be shown as an acute condition as in pulmonary edema or as a chronic condition as in congestive heart
Heart disease can take many forms. The form of heart disease I am focusing on is coronary disease. Different arteries supply different areas of the heart with oxygenated blood. If one or more of these arteries become narrowed or clogged as a result of coronary artery disease, or atherscelorosis the artery cannot fully supply the part of the heart it is responsible for. The heart is an effective pump only when good blood supply is maintained to all heart muscles.
left ventricular function and heart failure.” Clinical Investigative Medicine. 31.2 (2008): E90-E97. Web. 15 Feb. 2014.
The aim of this scenario-based assignment is to discuss the therapeutic intervention in the care of a patient with Congestive Cardiac Failure (CCF). A brief summary of the patient’s medical history will be given while discussing one specific nursing problem in terms of heart rate/ rhythm. Also, an overview of aetiology will be given as well as pathophysiology in order to explain the rationale for treatment and monitoring. Relevant research relating to the literature will be utilised throughout in order to critically analyse the care provided for the patient and determine if the patient received evidence based up-to-date care. In accordance with the statement from the Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) code of conduct regarding patient confidentiality, no personal details of the patient involved will be disclosed. Therefore, the patient will be identified as Mrs S.