As I have mentioned before, compartment syndrome is when increased pressure is built up within the compartments of the arm or leg that can restrict blood flow and can then lead to progressive ischemia and eventual muscle and never necrosis and even possibly involving the skin depending on the severity of the swelling.
There are two types of compartment syndrome which include acute and chronic. Acute compartment syndrome, is typically seen after or with a limb fracture and chronic compartment syndrome would be seen more in individual’s who experience recurrent of exercise-induced pain, typically seen in athletes (Badge, Sigamoney, Khincha, & Shah, 2015).
Compartment Syndrome can be very difficult to diagnose however, there are different tests
that can be done to determine a diagnosis. One test involves using a needle or a handheld monitor device to measure the pressure in the effected area. This test is also known as Stryker. The needle is inserted into the affected area and is attached to a pressure meter. The needle is held at a 45 degree angle and then the handheld device will read off a pressure number that identifies the correct diagnosis (exceeds 30 mmHg (millimeters of mercury) (Symptoma, 2011)). of Compartment Syndrome (Clinical Gate, 2015). Due to the pressure build-up in the forearm, it has been historically described as using the five “p’s” in relation to compartment syndrome. These include, pain, pulselessness, paresthesia, pallor (paleness of the skin, and paralysis (Badge, Sigamoney, Khincha, & Shah, 2015). There are four interconnected compartments that make up the forearm. These include the superficial volar compartment, the deep volar compartment, the dorsal compartment, and the compartment containing the mobile wad of Henry (Clinical Gate, 2015).
The protocol and conceptual overview of these procedures can be found under the header, “Properties of Skeletal Muscle” in NPB 101L Physiology Lab Manual Second Edition (Bautista & Korber, 2009, 9-17). The test subject for this lab was the Northern Leopard frog whose spinal cord and brain were severed. In order to carry out the experiments, the materials needed were one medium length surgical scissor, two hemostats and glass dissecting probes, a nine and four inch string, a cup of Ringers saline solution with an eyedropper, and a hook electrode. The software used to analyze and record the data was the BIOPAC system.
Also evident are molluscoid pseudotumors (fleshy lesions associated with scars) frequently found over pressure points (e.g. elbows) and subcutaneous spheroids, which are commonly mobile and palpable on the forearms and shins. Complications of joint hypermobility include sprains, dislocation are common in the shoulder, patella and temporomandibular joints Muscle hypotonia and slower gross motor development also can occur It is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner (Clarke, D., Skrocki-Czerpak, K., Neumann-Potash, L.). In the Hypermobile type of EDS, the joints of the body experience Hypermobility, which is the dominant clinical manifestation. General joint hypermobility affects large (elbows, knees) and small (fingers and toes) joints. Skin is hyperextensible, smooth/velvety, and bruising occurs easily as well.
This module of study has focused on many aspects of human health, anatomy, and the disease process. It has included such topics as the human organ systems, the mechanism of disease and the resulting disruption of homeostasis, the integumentary system, and the musculoskeletal system. The following case studies explore how burn classification will affect treatment, how joint injuries can disrupt mobility, and last, how a sedentary lifestyle can contribute to a decline in a person’s health status. The importance of understanding disease and knowing when to seek treatment is the first step toward enjoying a balanced and healthy life.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a condition where there is a low oxygen level in the blood this mostly affects the lungs, people who have sepsis will be affected by ARDS as there breathing rate will decrease. Another reason for a multi-organ dysfunctions is that there is a lack of blood being given to the organs this causes low blood pressure or as it’s called hypotension this mostly affects diabetic people which leads them to having sepsis. Also hypoxia which is a lack of oxygen is another pathological physiological outcome of sepsis as less oxygen is reaching the tissue this is due to the fact that there is less oxygen in the blood. This causes confusion and change in heart and breathing rate which can lead to
Rotator cuff tears are generally categorized as a chronic injury because it takes repetitive wear and tear on the muscles for it to finally inflict pain on the body. Chronic injuries are simply when the pain gradually continues over a long period of time. On the contrary, acute pain is when something happens suddenly and the pain is much more sharp than compared to the dull and long lasting pain of a chronic injury. (Source 3) In sports the biggest reason why an athlete would tear or injure his/her rotator cuff is not because something major happened instantly like a broken bone or a pulled muscle, but because they continued to put stress on these muscles over a certain period in time. The pain signals will stay active in the nervous system for several months. (Source3) Usually this will occur when the certain activity they are doing is perfomed incorrecty or in a harmful way. An example of this would be lifting too heavy of weights or not using proper technique.
...blood into the cells, patients can experience fatigue, weight loss, drowsiness, itching of the skin, to name a few. Patients with diabetes mellitus can lose limbs due to necrosis.
occurs so the heat deep in the muscles is conserved. Since the vessels are now
The prognosis for individuals depends on the underlying cause of the trauma. Early recognition and knowing the symptoms are important in identifying rhabdomyolysis versus DOMS, whereas a misdiagnosis can be fatal. Whether a person has been working out for years or is a beginner, knowing the limits of their body is critical when preforming new exercise programs or workouts. Many of the cases of rhabdomyolysis may be associated with various causes of muscle and kidney damage, leading to electrolyte imbalance and hospitalization. The importance of a getting early treatment may prevent damage of internal organs, including acute kidney failure. Individuals participating is rigorous exercise programs should know their limits, have a healthy diet and overall
“Often it isn’t the initiating trauma that creates seemingly insurmountable pain, but the lack of support after.” (Harrell) There is a lot of trauma a victim of sexual assault goes through. This trauma can last years if not dealt with properly, in fact, ninety-four percent of women who are raped experience post-traumatic stress disorder and seventy percent of victims experience moderate to severe distress. Melinda Sordino is also a victim of sexual assault, she’s seen going through the life of a grade nine girl trying to fit into a new environment, make new friends, and find herself, all while coping with her past. Melinda’s distant relationship with her parents leads to her lack of confidence to ask for support and becomes one of the major
"Chronic pain persists despite the fact that the fact the injury has healed. Pain signals remain active in the nervous system for the prolonged or infinite amount of time. Physical effects include tense muscles, limited mobility, lack of energy, and changes in the appetite. Emotional effects include depression, anger, anxiety, and fear of re-injury"(Cleveland Clinic 2013). Chronic pain can develop from multiple common conditions. These can include; instance migraines, diabetes, IBS, fibroids, and endometri...
After a thorough examination, J.P. was diagnosed with a deep vein thrombosis (DVT). “DVT develops most often in the legs but can occur also in the upper arms…” (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2013). Due t...
Necrotizing fasciitis is a deep infection of the subcutaneous tissues that results in progressive destruction of fat and fascia. The progression is usually rapid and, as an example, this author has seen it spread throughout one leg in a little over one hour. Of course, this has an instant effect on the blood supply to these areas. Alternative names for necrotizing fasciitis are fasciitis-necrotizing; infection-necrotizing subcutaneous; subcutaneous infection-bacterial5. Untreated and unconstrained, it can destroy massive amounts of tissue and result in amputation and even death in a short period of time.
Peripheral artery disease is usually caused by atherosclerosis, which is when fatty deposits accumulate in the arteries of, most likely, limbs. This does affect all arteries throughout the body, then in turn, slowing the blood flow. PAD may also be due to inflammation of the blood vessels, injury to the extremities, or even exposure to radiation. “Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) affects approximately 10% of the American population” (Gurbir Dhaliwal; Peripheral arterial disease: Epidemiology, natural history, diagnosis and treatment; 2007). If not taken care of, PAD may lead to critical limb ischemia, open sores on the feet or legs that become infected by gangrene. The gangrene is then removed surgically, but doctors might have to amputate the extremity all together. Another issue that arises with PAD if it is not under control is the risk of stroke or heart attack. These can cause death to part of the heart or brain, or even death itself. The population more at risk would be smokers, diabetics, people who are obese, those with hypertension or hyperlipidemia, over the age of 50, have a family history of PAD, or those with a high level of homocysteine. If someone does fall into a few of these categories a physician can do a few tests to check for PAD. The doctor will more than likely start off with a physical exam, blood test, and possibly an ultrasound. From there the physician may try an ankle-brachial index, or ABI, which compares the blood pressure of the feet to the blood pressure of the arm. “An American survey of 2174 patients older than 40 years of age used the ankle-brachial index (ABI) as a screening tool, and showed a PAD prevalence of 0.9% between the ages of 40 and 49 years, 2.5% between the ages of 50 and 59 years, ...
A PE usually begins as a clot in a deep vein of the leg, which is called deep vein thrombosis. This clot can break and travel through the bloodstream to the lungs and block the artery. Blood clots can form in the deep veins of the legs if blood flow is restricted and slows down. This can occur when you don’t move around for long periods of time. Some examples that can cause this are some types of surgery, during a long trip in a car or airplane, and if you must stay in bed for an extended period of time. Under rare circumstances an air bubble, part of tumor, or other tissue travels to lungs and causes ...
Chronic Pain is described as a long lasting pain that people experience beyond a normal healing time (Hasenbring, Rusu & Turk, 2012). This time is usually up to three or six months prior to an incident (Hasenbring, Rusu & Turk, 2012). Chronic back pain can include common diagnosis of muscle spasms, back strain, or myofasical syndrome (Weiner & Nordin, 2010). There are three different types of chronic back pain; simple musculoskeletal back pain, spinal nerve root pain and serious spinal pathology (Jackson & Simpson, 2006). (Hasenbring, 2012)