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Dbq 15 debate over imperialism
Imperialism DBQ Essay
Dbq 15 debate over imperialism
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Conrad and Kipling’s Imperialistic Words of Wisdom
Conrad’s “Heart of Darkness” and Kipling’s “The White Mans Burden” bears a complex and contradictory relationship to the dominant ideologies of both their time and our own. Each author voicing the difficulties and harsh ramifications that arise through globalism, and the great responsibility a world power undertakes when imperializing other nations. Exhibiting their own personal motives, Kipling’s work viewed as a response to the American take over of the Philippines after the Spanish-American War; Conrad, writing on his own experience in the Congo of Africa. Imperialism and racism often entrenched in the dialogue of these two literary pieces; however, the point of view of Conrad and Kipling
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The darkness of the human heart goes back to greed; the motivation for money can be purely evil, Kurtz often embracing the darkness of the heart. Think about life back then, today, and in the future; what is the one thing most common among these eras that creates corruption and evil within good people, money. Every action day-to-day taken by individuals is solely for the pursuit of money, power, and individual success, even if it means at the expense of a uncivilized population like that in “Heart of Darkness”. Marlow comes to grips with this horrible reality after Kurtz is buried, “I felt a intolerable weight oppressing my breast, the smell of the damp earth, the unseen presence of victorious corruption” (Conrad 1999). “The unseen presence of victorious corruption”, how often does this unseen corruption that imperialism reaps goes unnoticed and the people who sacrifice so much forgotten. Marlow knew he was experiencing something wrong, but part of him held back from really speaking of this during his journey. As of today, Africa continues to be the heart of darkness in our world, disease and hunger controlling the growth and development of the civilization. Leaving the people dependent on our help, but most often leaving them to conform to any means of
Like a trite high school scandal involving backstabbing friends and scheming girls, imperialism during the 19th century turned previously upright Europeans into treasure-seeking ogres willing to renege on their promises. As a British merchant marine who travelled to the Congo, Joseph Conrad witnessed his fellow imperialistic sailors partake in horrid acts, and his experiences induced him to write his chilling book Heart of Darkness. In this book, published in 1899, Marlow meets both a sycophantic manager seeking to advance up the corporate ladder and a vicious Kurtz willing to murder indiscriminately. Yet despite Kurtz’s paramount evilness, Marlow gives his loyalties to Kurtz instead of to the company manager since Kurtz always remains conscious about the atrocities he commits.
Conrad's "Heart of Darkness" is, as Edward Said states a story about European "acts of imperial mastery" (1503)-its methods, and the effects it has on human nature. Furthermore I hold the presumption that Conrad incorporates much of his own experience in the Congo and his opinions about imperialism. Another recent critic also suggests: "he seems to approve of Marlow," the narrator (Achebe 1492). These revelations of the author are conveyed to the reader through Marlow's observations, descriptions, reactions, and statements.
“ The conquest of the earth, which mostly means the taking it away from those who have a different complexion or slightly flatter noses than ourselves, is not a pretty thing when you look into it too much.” (Conrad 65) So stated Marlow as though this was his justification for ravaging the Congo in his search for ivory. Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness shows the disparity between the European ideal of civilization and the reality of it as is evidenced by the domination, torture, exploitation and dehumanization of the African population. Heart of Darkness is indicative of the evil and greed in humanity as personified by Kurtz and Marlow.
Joseph Conrad shows that all humans have an inner evil that can surface under particular circumstances such as greed, lack of civilization, and disorder. An outside force may influence inner evil and accelerate the emergence of the mentality that goes with malevolence. Marlow struggles between morality and his inner evil as he witnesses Kurtz’s overthrow by darkness caused by his greed for ivory. When Marlow confronts brutality or the dark and evil side of the world, it becomes difficult for him to prevent the emergence of inner evil and remain civilized.
In Heart of Darkness, Joseph Conrad, challenges a dominant view by exposing the evil nature and the darkness associated with the colonialist ventures. It is expressed by Marlow as "robbery with violence, aggravated murder on a great scale, and men going at it blind - as it is very proper for those who tackle a darkness." The European colonialists are portrayed as blind lightbearers, people having a façade of progress and culture, yet are blind of their actions. They think they are brining a light to a darkness, yet they are the real darkness or evil. Conrad's critique of European colonialism is most apparent through the oppositions of light and darkness, with the contrast of good and evil in characters often foregrounding and developing Conrad's theme of the "darkness" in an activity said to "bring light" to a culture void of these elements.
Heart of Darkness is a novel of indescribable horrors and actions that lie outside the human mind. It describes a mans (Marlow) voyage on a west African river to find an a man named Kurtz. The actual journey truly is towards the “heart of darkness”, where it takes Marlow by evidence of European indignity towards the natives. He wants to see this land for himself, he does not quite believe in himself of what is really there.
In a historical context, the two texts differ greatly: Heart of Darkness is Conrad’s autobiographical description of his trip up the river of Congo and his encounter with the atrocities of European rule in Africa.3 Conversely, Kipling’s “White Man’s Burden” was written to welcome the United States of America to the club of imperialistic nations. The event that prompted Kipling to write this poem was the United States’ intervention in the Philippines. Under the Treaty of Paris in 1898, the Philippine sovereignty was transferred from Spain to the United States and thus the United States emerged as an imperialistic nation dedicated to progress. This is the core of the matter – progress. Kipling speaks of ‘a Law’ in his poem “Recessional.” The code of behaviour and the enlightenment that Kipling wished to be aggrandised to all ‘primitive’ nations. In other words: Progress in the means of railroads across continents, telegraph lines over deep seas, commerce beyond boundaries and steam boat lines criss-crossing the earth.
In Joseph Conrad's book Heart of Darkness the Europeans are cut off from civilization, overtaken by greed, exploitation, and material interests from his own kind. Conrad develops themes of personal power, individual responsibility, and social justice. His book has all the trappings of the conventional adventure tale - mystery, exotic setting, escape, suspense, unexpected attack. The book is a record of things seen and done by Conrad while in the Belgian Congo. Conrad uses Marlow, the main character in the book, as a narrator so he himself can enter the story and tell it out of his own philosophical mind. Conrad's voyages to the Atlantic and Pacific, and the coasts of Seas of the East brought contrasts of novelty and exotic discovery. By the time Conrad took his harrowing journey into the Congo in 1890, reality had become unconditional. The African venture figured as his descent into hell. He returned ravaged by the illness and mental disruption which undermined his health for the remaining years of his life. Marlow's journey into the Congo, like Conrad's journey, was also meaningful. Marlow experienced the violent threat of nature, the insensibility of reality, and the moral darkness.
Throughout Heart of Darkness, Joseph Conrad points to the hypocrisy and horrors associated with colonialism. The half-English, half-French Kurtz is the main vehicle used to convey his theme of European colonialism, as “all [of] Europe contributed to the making of Kurtz” (Conrad 164). It was Kurtz who goes to Africa for the "sake of loot, and thus becomes a great literary symbol for the decadence of colonialism" (Zins 63). With his help, Marlow dissects the reasoning behind colonialism, eventually seeing its evil nature.
Patrick Brantlinger, in his essay “Heart of Darkness: Anti-Imperialism, Racism, or Impressionism?,” cites the arguments and criticisms that have been given to Joseph Conrad’s novella. Brantlinger opens with a critique from Nigerian novelist Chinua Achebe who attacks Conrad’s novella as “racist” (Cultural Criticism 277). Brantlinger then comes to Conrad’s defense by citing a number of defenses that has been made in favor of Heart of Darkness.
Joseph Conrad’s novella explores the concept of imperialism and makes reference to the exploration and colonization of Africa. The text itself, which is narrated in a third-person perspective (to subdue the demeaning nature), is bluntly degrading and disparaging toward the natives of Africa. The native African people are blatantly ostracized in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness with the author’s use of derogatory and condemning language throughout the text, the juxtaposition and hesitant comparison of the whites and the natives, and the idea presented of the European men being the saviors of Africa.
Humans, being a visually oriented species, lack objectivity in their actions and observations; two people could interpret any particular incident in countless ways. Joseph Conrad’s attitude towards imperialism in Heart of Darkness ignited a flame of controversy. Cedric Watts and Chinua Achebe, two prominent writers, took different sides on this seemingly endless debate; a debate originating from the “darkness”. In Watts’s Indirect Methods Convey Conrad’s Views of Imperialism, Watts argues that Conrad is an artistic anti-imperialist, subliminally conveying the “corruption and hypocrisy of imperialism” (Watts, p.1). Achebe interpreted Conrad’s intentions in a completely opposite manner compared to Watts; Achebe’s critique of Conrad’s novella – Conrad’s Racism – revolved around the imperialistic aspects of Conrad’s personnel, and the imperialistic-byproducts that were notable in Conrad’s novella. Racism and the dehumanization of the African figure were two of those issue that aroused Achebe’s emotional ties to his “original” roots. Achebe’s attitude in his critique was that of great perplexity; solely driven by patriotic emotions and fear of belittlement, Achebe degraded the novella to a non-artistic work, in attempt to defend himself, rather than the Nigerians, who he supposedly represents. This, I believe, lessens the authenticity of Achebe, and puts Watts’s perspective on this controversial issue a few steps ahead. Conrad, from my perspective, courageously revealed the commonly misinterpreted – and usually hidden – ideology of imperialism in his novella, proving him an anti-imperialist thereof.
Take a moment to think about the social corruption that has taken place all around the world. In the novella, Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad, Kurtz is a legend and acquires the most ivory around. People believe that he is good at his job until Marlow travels to the Inner Station. Marlow finds that Kurtz has enslaved the Natives to bring him ivory, if they fail to do so, they get punished. He is viewed like a God by the Natives, Kurtz believes that they need help and guidance to civilization. Kurtz thinks that he can lead them to it by corrupting them into doing anything. The great use of surrealism is found to support the social corruption portrayed throughout. Conrad writes this novella in a dream-like style portraying many senses too. In the Heart of Darkness, the dark environment and
While Heart of Darkness offers a powerful view into the hypocrisy of imperialism, it also delves into the morality of men. Darkness becomes a symbol of hatred, fear and symbol of the power of evil. Marlow begins his story believing that these elements exists within the jungle, then with the natives and finally makes the realization that darkness lives within the heart of each man, even himself. People must learn to restrain themselves from giving into the "darkness." Marlow discusses at one point how even suffering from starvation can lead a man to have "black" thoughts and restraining oneself from these thoughts would be almost impossible in such hardship.
Greed corrupts even the most civilized of men. In Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness this statement is entirely true. In his novel, the plot follows Charles Marlow, a sea captain, on his journey into the mysterious Congo Free State on the search for the enigmatic Mr. Kurtz. During his journey, Charles encounters disease, slavery, and mutilation at the hands of the Belgian colonial administrators. When Charles finally meets Kurtz he quickly sees Kurtz’s dark heart filled with lust and insanity. Joseph Conrad’s use of characterization and symbolism in his novel paints a gruesome picture of King Leopold’s criminal and horrific rule over the Congo and her people.