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(Compare and contrast the crystal structures and crystal chemistry of quartz, α-FePO4 and β-FePO4.
Fully describes the crystallochemical relationships between the structures and the temperature dependence of polymorphism. )
This article focuses on the chemical structure of FePO4 between 294K and 1073K of thermodynamic scale, through high accuracy x-ray diffraction experiments. From the relatively lower temperature range, it acquires the chemical arrangement of an α-Quartz trigonal as shown below. However, as temperature steadily rises, there exists a series of minor changes, such as β-Tridymite hexagonal change at 870 °C. Hydrated amorphous FePO4 was synthesized in which a solution of (NH4)2HPO4 and FeSO4·7H2O was irradiated by an ultrasonic wave. Materials prepared are: (1) an amorphous sample prepared by heating
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The degree of destruction with respect to the beta quat structural type can be related to tetrahedral tilt angle delta and the intra-tetrahedral reaching angle theta. However, another condition, the delta value is greater than 22 degrees and theta value is less than 136 degrees. The alpha beta transition is not observed for most of the material. Yet, the structural property of FePO4 lie close above the limiting value. As an example of how FePO and PO angles and the length are actually changing as the temperature increases, FePO for the bond length in a tetrahedral bond angle, in a quartz type FePO4 as a structure, as a function of the temperature. As the temperature increase on 294 to 969, it is observed that FePO decrease in the length and subsequently, the angle of FePO2 is also smaller.This results in a change in the unit cell size, and the volume. It is in contrast to PO4, where there is an increase in temperature, resulting in compression, and subsequently the bond angle drops as well. This may be related to the overall tilt
As tetragonal phase has high toughness and high strength, additional stabiliser such as Yttria can maintain the tetragonal phase of zirconia at low temperature. However, degradation gradually happens in Y-TZP after a certain years, especially under hydrothermal condition.
Paragraph 1: Compare and Contrast the crystal structures and crystal chemistry of Quartz α-FePO4 and β-FePO4. The research paper discusses the inversion of quartz type FePO4 from α-FePO4 to β-FePO4 along the temperature range 294K to 1073K. We first take a look at the difference in lattice and space symmetry between the 2 polymorphs, α-FePO4 and β-FePO4.
Ultra high temperature ceramics (UHTCs) are materials rarely found in nature, characterized by high melting points, hardness, thermal conductivities (if compared to other ceramics), good wear resistance and mechanical strength.1,2,3 Besides, they are chemically and thermally stable under a variety of conditions due to their high negative free energy of formation.1,3
There are many types of distortions occurring in the ideal perovskite structure due to the flexibility inherent inside the perovskite structure. Resulting the tilting of the octahedra. Then displacement of cations takes place from the centres of their respective coordination in polyhedral. The distortion of the octahedral is accelerated by electronic factors. Most the physical properties of perovskite structure depend on these distortions. Particularly the electronic, magnetic and dielectric properties which are so important for many of the applications of perovskite materials. These materials have different useful magnetic and electronic properties. Most of the properties depends upon some defects like vacancies, dislocations, stacking faults, grain boundaries et...
This paragraph will compare and discuss the crystal structure and chemistry between quartz (SiO2), iron phosphate (FePO4) and also looking into the α and β phase of FePO4. From the understanding of the given materials and crystal structure of both SiO2 and FePO4, both of the crystal are quartz-type crystal, the crystal arrangement are quite similar except for the difference in structural parameters tilt angle δ and bridging angle θ. This similarly carries on from the fact that both crystals had a α-β transition. However, from figure 2, the transition temperature for SiO2 and FePO4 are dramatically different, where one is at 846K while the other is 980K respectively. This is due to the tilt and bridging angle is lower than SiO2. Also from figure 2, we can show that both SiO2 and FePO4 thermal expansion in α phase are non-linear and control by angular variations and similarly no thermal expansion in β phase due to the lack
Figure 2 shows the isothermal entropy changes heating the sample (a), (b) and (c) and (the figure 3 cooling the sample (a), (b) and (c)). The solid curves are due to the variations from atmospheric pressure (P^at) to applied pressure, P=1.5 kbar (fig.2a and fig.3a), P=2.0 kbar (fig.2b and fig.3b), P=2.9 kbar (fig.2c and fig.3c) without applied magnetic field (µ_0 h_0=0 T) for sample heating and cooling, as indicated by the arrows. The open circles and open squares represent 〖ΔS〗_T vs. T experimental data for Gd5Si2Ge2 which are in good agreement with our theoretical curves for sample heating and cooling, respectively [19]. The value was used for this compound in our theoretical curves [28], value that we kept in our model in all theoretical curves. For all pressure changes, th...
surface peak [20], which can be attributed to the reduction in coordination of Fe (i.e. in hexaferrite, Fe is present in five nonequivalent crystallographic sites, three octahedral, one tetrahedral
quartz. When temperature is set to more than 980K, α-FePO4 is shown as α-β transition, while the successive
A crystalline material can be either a single crystal or polycrystalline. Material with Polycrystalline consists of many crystals separated by well-defined boundaries whereas a single crystal consists of only one crystal. It is difficult to prepare single crystals when compared to polycrystalline materials, and more effort is needed for the growth of single crystals. There are two main reasons for the intended growth of single crystals. Many physical properties of solids are complicated by the effects of grain boundaries. The full range of tensor relationships between an applied physical cause and an observed effect can be obtained only if the total internal symmetry of the crystal structure is continued throughout the
Phosphates (LiMPO4) with the olivine structure (Pnma) are another promising class of candidates. Here, phosphorus occupies tetrahedral sites, whereas the transition metal M occupies octahedral sites, and lithium forms one-dimensional chains along the [0 1 0] direction [26]. The phosphate that is most-commonly used is LiFePO4, and delithiates to FePO4 when Fe2+ is oxidized to Fe3+ [27].
Transition metal oxides are belongs to the class of material that contain transition element and oxygen. They contain insulator as well as metal are included under this category. Transition metal oxides have a useful application in a wide variety of technologically important catalytic processes. For example:- selective oxidation, reduction and dehydrogenation. A promising family of mixed transition metal oxides designated as AxB3-xO4(A,B=Co,Ni,Zn,Mn,Fe etc.) play significant role for low cost and environmentally friendly energy storage & conservation technology.
The perovskite materials are of considerable technological importance, particularly with regard to physical properties such as pyro and piezoelectricity , dielectric susceptibility, linear and nonlinear optic effects. Many of these properties are gross effects, varying enormously from one perovskite to another and differences in crystal structures are hardly apparent . Effects of the impending transition are evident in some of the crystal properties at temperatures at least a few degrees away from Tc . Substances BaTiO3 and SrTiO3 have very high values of the permittivity due to low frequency of soft mode . It may be inferred that at room temperature BaTiO3 exhibits number of advantages over the other ferroelectrics such as a high mechanical strength , resistance to heat (due to positive temperature coefficient restivity , PTCR ) and moisture , presence of ferroelectric properties with in a broad range of temperature (its Curie point is high ≈ 400 K ) and ease of manufacturing . The presence of an abnormally high permittivity in BaTiO3 is connected with the ‘looseness’ of the crystal lattice of this substance . ( The sum of the atomic radii of titanium and oxygen ions 1.96 is less than the distance between these ions in the lattice 1.99 . The compression of the structure when atom of Ba is replaced by that of Sr drastically reduces dielectric constant and the temperature of the Curie point ) .
This is a technique to study structural details of the samples. By this technique size and shape of the crystal , the average atomic spacing , orientation of the single and ploy crystal are determined.
Polymorphism is the ability of a compound to exist in more than one crystalline form. Fats and oils possess three typical polymorphic forms (alpha), β′ (beta prime) and β (beta). Each form varies in their crystalline structure, free energy and other physical and chemical properties but their chemical composition remain same. The polymorphism is primarily important in baked products because consistency, plasticity and other physical properties depend on polymorphic forms which are formed during processing of food product. Each polymorphic form of same fat has its characteristic melting point, resolidification point, heat of crystallization, specific volume and X-Ray spacing. Each form has different morphology and they may be dense, opaque crystals or transparent crystals. Physical properties of fats and oils are greatly influenced by polymorphism. Table 4 summaries the physical properties of three typical polymorphic forms of fats and