Amphetamines are part of a class of drugs called stimulants that affect the central nervous system. It is also known as 1-methyl-2-phenethylamine, 1-phenyl-2-aminopropane, and Benzedrine. It is made up of a 50/50 mixture of the l and d isomers. The l isomer affects the body, and the d isomer affects the brain. It boils at 200ºC and is soluble in alcohol and ether, slightly soluble in water. It was first created in Germany in 1887. In the 1930s and 40s amphetamine was used in the treatment of asthma, depression, obesity, and narcolepsy. Amphetamine's chemical structure is very similar to the neurotransmitter Adrenaline. [IMAGE]Chemical structure of Amphetamine, C H CH CH(NH ) CH Method of Preparation --------------------- There are many ways of creating amphetamines. One way is to take two mols, for example, 270 grams, of racemic amphetamine base to react with one mol (150 grams) of d-tartaric acid, forming a dl-amphetamine d-tartrate, or a neutral salt. The neutral salt obtained is dissolved by the addition of about 1 litre, of ethanol, and heating to boiling point. The solution then must be cooled to room temperature with occasional stirring to effect crystallisation. The crystals are filtered out and will be found to contain laevo enantiomorph, which is the left of a pair of crystals that are a mirror image of each other. It is then recrystallised and the predominance of the l-enantiomorph is found to be increased and the process is repeated until no further change is effected and a concentration of 8 grams per 100 cc of aqueous solution is obtained. Finally the product obtained is l-amphetamine d-tartrate. d-amphetamine may be recovered from this by the addition of tartaric acid for the formation of acid tartrates and separation of d-amphetamine d-bitartrate by crystallisation. Properties and Chemical Reactions of Amphetamines Amphetamines vary from a white to brown colour, though sometimes a purple or orange. It comes in the form of powder, tablets, capsules, crystals or a red liquid. They have a strong smell, and bitter taste.
Adderall is a combination of amphetamine and dextroamphetamine, which work on the central nervous system as stimulants. A stimulant is a drug that produces a temporary increase of function activity by affecting the chemicals in the brain. There are 4 salts the combine to for the active ingredients, dextroamphetamine saccharate, dextroamphetamine sulfate, amphetamine aspartate monohydrate, and amphetamine. Inactive ingredients are also present, but they do not play a role in Adderall’s function.
The Meth Project website was created to reduce the use of the drug methamphetamine through public service messages, public policy and community outreach. The program, while focused on teenagers, reaches out to all ages. The website is full of information such as statistical data, intimate stories and many community service projects. The Meth Project’s edgy advertising documents the downward spiral that is caused by the use of the drug. While some may find the Meth Project advertisements unpleasant, they portray the story of the incredible power of meth and its effects on the human body.
On the opposite side is the date "1776" and the coat of arms of the United States set in a shield containing 13 stars.
MDMA, or Ecstasy, was first made in a lab in Germany in 1912. The German pharmaceutical company E. Merck patented it in 1914, not as a medicine, but as a chemical for making more useful drugs later on. MDMA was forgotten until 1953, when the United States Army funded a secret University of Michigan study to develop chemical weapons. After learning that MDMA was non-toxic, the government put it back on the shelf. Rumor says that the drug was tested for mind control purposes, or as a “truth drug”, but there is not actual evidence of that.
Ecstasy is Methylene Dioxymethamphetamine, often abbreviated as MDMA. This drug is a member of the same family of drugs that include amphetamine and LSD. I once believed that ecstasy was a mixture of methamphetamine and LSD, but as I researched, I found out that it has its own chemical structure. Ecstasy is not a mixture of other drugs; it is something all its own.
Methylenedioxymethamhetamine, the compound used in the drug Ecstasy, was developed in Germany in 1914 as an intermediary substance to pave the way to alternative therapeutic medicines. Presently, MDMA is used for a subculture in America and all over the world of "ravers" who spend their weekends taking this unique drug because of its seemingly mind- expanding properties. The truth about this drug is that it fools the body's senses by releasing too much serotonin and possibly permanently damaging important nerve cells in the process.
A) He gives some of the street names for ecstasy and he calls it the club drug mostly because it is used at raves and such parties. Also goes on to call it the “safe drug”. Then even more he gets an in depth look of how the drugs looks and that it comes in a capsule about the size of an aspirin in po...
Baseball is cleaning up its image with a new drug testing policy implemented for the baseball season. The new agreement between the players, the owners, and Major League Baseball to test for performance enhancing drugs is a vast improvement over the previous deal. Although enhancing drug seem trivial, it is in fact crucial of today’s concern over the enhancing drug plenty of room for those who want to cheat. “ I am an athlete and the I think performance enhancing drugs are trivial because affected by the use of illegal drugs, raises concerns about ethics and morality in the world of baseball”. Let’s face it; using performance enhancing drugs is cheating.
Hallucinogens or psychedelics are mind-altering drugs, which affect the mind’s perceptions, causing bizarre, unpredictable behavior, and severe, sensory disturbances that may place users at risk of serious injuries or death. Hallucinogens powerfully affect the brain, distorting the way our five senses work and changes our impressions of time and space. People who use these drugs a lot may have a hard time concentrating, communicating, or telling the difference between reality and illusion. Hallucinogens cause people to experience - you guessed it - hallucinations, imagined experiences that seem real. The word "hallucinate" comes from Latin words meaning, "to wander in the mind."
Ecstasy is one of the street names for MDMA (the chemical name is N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine). MDMA is an amphetaminelike drug with hallucinogenic properties. People taking the drug get a sense of increased energy, euphoria and a curious feeling of empathy. While we know something about the short-term effects of ecstasy use, we do not have a very good understanding of the long-term effects. The short-term effects of the drug are related to the amount taken. If the dose used is relatively high, there is a danger in the short-term of seizures and heart-rhythm abnormalities. Ecstasy also can cause an increase in body temperature (called hyperthermia). This can cause difficulties if the drug is taken during strenuous exercise (such as dancing). The common practice of drinking large amounts of bottled water can lead to a reduced amount of sodium in the blood. This is called hyponatremia and, if severe, can cause neurological problems. There have been a number of deaths reported in people taking the drug.
Throughout human history people have sought experiences that somehow transcend every day life. Some sort of wisdom that might progress their knowledge of self and of the world that they live in. For some reason they believed that the tangible world just could not be all there is to life. Some believed in a greater force that controlled them, some believed of invisible beings that influenced their lives, some of an actual other world that paralleled their own. Many of these people also believed that it was possible to catch a glimpse of these forces, beings, or worlds through a variety of means that propel individuals into altered states of consciousness. These techniques include meditation, hypnosis, sleep deprivation, and (what will be discussed here) psychoactive drugs, more specifically psychedelic drugs.
... middle of paper ... ...become. Then the. The cracking mirror can also be used to suggest a certain superstition connected to the breaking of mirrors which fits in.
For many people the drug of choice would be marijuana, but in recent years that trend has been changing. The drug of choice for today’s young adults is MDMA or ecstasy. Unlike marijuana which has long term affects, ecstasy can kill a person with one hit. It is a very dangerous drug, and is spreading like wildfire in the United States. Most teenagers take the drug without knowing the side affects such as depression and brain damage (theantidrug.com). With more people trying the drug everyday, it is becoming harder for law enforcement to keep up with them. Law enforcement, parents and kids need to do something about this rising drug problem before it is too late. There are numerous solutions that can curb the use of this drug, and other solutions that can put the drug to good use.
For nearly 85 years, the government has prohibited pscychoactive drugs. American leaders attempted to do the same to alcohol with Prohibition in the 1920?s. In any society, drug use plays a part in the people?s culture. Whether it be a native taking hallucinogens for a religious ceremony, a destitute alcoholic drinking on a city street, or a group of teenagers smoking marijuana, drugs and alcohol have the same effects in any culture. The question of ?why do people use drugs? has been a dilemma which American medical experts and government leaders have fought to answer for years. Recently, many institutions and organizations have formed in order to fight the war on drugs and help diminish the percent of Americans who use dangerous drugs and excessive amounts of alcohol.