Cognitive psychology is the study of the way in which the mind processes information. It concerns the way we take in information from the outside world, how we make sense of that information and what use we make of it. The Stroop Effect is one of the earliest and most famous experiments into cognitive processes. It was published by John Ridley Stroop in 1935 and is a phenomena involved in attentional processes. It demonstrates the effects of interference, processing speed (reaction time) and automatically in divided attention. Stroop created two experiments with the aim to investigate whether visual interference affects the cognitive processing speed in naming incongruently colored words. The experiments portray a psychological test of our …show more content…
When the participants came into the room, they were informed about the purpose of the experiment and they were asked to sign consent forms. After, the instructions were read to them and when the experiment was over, debriefing was done and their questions about the experiment were answered. No participants were harmed in any way and they were told that they had the right to withdraw at any time. They were also told that their identities wouldn’t be …show more content…
Discussion The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of congruent and incongruent word lists on the time it took participants to name the color of the inks correctly. The findings showed that participants had the best performance in the second condition, where they were asked to name the colors in the congruent word list. On the other hand, the group that had the worst performance was the third condition where they named the colors in the incongruent word list. The first condition’s performance (control) was in the middle. The results showed that it is easier for people to read words correctly regardless of their color but more difficult to name the color when an incongruent word list is given. These results support Stroop’s 1935 experiment as well as the aim and therefore it can be said that the experiment has high face and construct validity. Also, the experiment is ethical as the participants weren’t harmed in any way and signed consent forms before the experiment was conducted. A limitation of this experiment is that it has low ecological validity as only 12th grade students from Enka Schools were used as participants. All of the students in the school are Turkish and their mother tongue is not English. If the experiment was done in another country, or with participants that had English as their native language, the results could’ve been
... understand the motives behind dehumanization and possible cause of dehumanization, and clearly the benefits of this research outweighed, if any, harm done to the participants. There was no real deception involved in this experiment. The participants were given informed consent. The instructions were clear, though they did not know what the experimenters were looking for; nonetheless I did not observe any true deception involved in this experiment. The participants were all debriefed at the end of the experiments, and seeing this, the experiments were clearly all ethical.
Although correlation does not equal causation, we can conclude that similar cognitive processes, such as interference and automaticity, have influenced the results in our experiment. This can be expressed by the data and in identifying and saying aloud/reading a simple number compared to quantifying simple numbers. The cognitive load of reading familiar or smaller words is lower than that of counting, thus creating perchance a longer reaction time. In the experiment conducted in class as well as the one conducted by Stroop, the issue of divided attention may have been a great factor in interference or prolonged reaction time in the conditions. Psychological refractory period which states that the response to a second stimulus is slowed down by the first stimulus being processed; this can be a cause for the finding of increased reaction time when conflicting information is given. Attention may unconsciously be given to the less complex task, which is reading/identifying, and counting the main and more complex task may be interfered by the simpler stimulus. The expectation of having a longer reaction time when conducting the incongruent task was referenced back to the Stroop effect due to the similar implications of identifying and saying aloud the color presented in the print of the color descriptive word (Stroop,
Due to its key in understanding attention, the study that lead to many other related investigations, originated by examining interference in reading automaticity. Stroop furthered his research by creating tasks involving color naming and reading. He first compared the time it took to read color names printed in incongruent ink colors to a base line reading of color words. For the second part of his study, Stroop compared the time it took to name the ink color when congruent with the color word (e.g., blue printed in blue ink) to the time it took to name the ink color.
Harvey et al (2000) also used the word list learning and delayed recall, pranix drawing, modified Boston Naming test and CERAD to assess cognitive function of both their control and experimental populations. The word list learning and delayed recall is a ten item list of words that is presented to the subject during three separate trials. After each trial the subject is asked to freely recall the words from the list. After a delay, which is filled with the pranix drawing task, the participants are asked to recall the list of words once again. The dependent variable in this task is the number of words recalled over the three trials and the number of words that were recalled after the delay. The scores ranged from 0 to 20 based the...
On the other hand, due to the fact that this experiment is controlled and partakes in a laboratory, where the situations are changed to expose different behaviours of the children participants, this can reduce the ecological validity within the study. Ecological va...
All participants should be able to discuss the procedure and the findings with the psychologist. If they had been deceived they must be told and explained why, as well as being told about their role in the experiment. Any questions must be answered honestly and as fully as possible.
Cognitive psychology is the study of mental representations that guide behavior. One way to investigate a brain function is through an experiment called Visual Search. Ulric Neisser’s Visual Search is one of the most famous ways to study a particular brain function, which in this case is perception and identification. More formally, it is a type of perceptual task that requires a scan of a visual environment for a certain target among other similar or distinct features.
The procedure is simple. On the computer screen, twelve words are revealed one word at a time in the form of a list. After the last word, a matrix of twelve words is shown. The matrix is a table of twelve words, some of which were on the list, some of which were not. Participants in the task chose which words they believe were on the list, using free recall to select words in any order. A new list begins when participants believe they have all of the correct words from the matrix. The cycle begins again. A list of twelve words are presented, a matrix appears after the twelfth word, and participants select words according to their memory of what was on the list. There are six lists in total, with no practice trials, however there are breaks in between to express the differences in each list.
Craik and Tulving did a series of experiments on the depth of processing model. They had participants use a series of processing methods to encode words at different levels; shallow, moderate, and deep. The subjects were shown a series of words and ask questions about the words that would provide a "yes" or "no" response. At the shallow level they were asked questions about whether or not the word was written in capital letters. At the moderate level of processing, the subject was asked questions as to whether or not two words rhymed. Finally, the subjects were asked about words in sentences and whether or not they fit. This was the deep level of processing. After participants had completed the task they were then given a surprise recognition test with the words that they were just asked questions on (target words) and then words that they have never seen before (distraction words). The results of the experiment showed that people remembered the words better that were at deeper level of processing (Craik and Tulving 1975).
This includes attentional bias as it has been implicated in the possible cause and maintenance of prevalent mental disorders (Van Bockstaele, Verschuere 2013). Upon obtaining a better understanding of attentional bias we can possibly disrupt its prevalence in some disorders. 2.3 Emotional Stroop Task 2.3.1 The emotional stroop task (EST) is a modified version of the Stroop task. In the EST, subjects have to name the colors in which words are printed as fast as possible while ignoring the content of the word.
For this research requirement I chose three different experiments to examine thoroughly. The first of these experiments came from the Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. The study done in this journal was an examination of orthographic learning and self-teaching in a bilingual and biliterate context. The aim of the study was to figure out the advantages and/or disadvantages of a student learning a native language when they are either monolingual, bilingual, or biliterate, and the study was focused on learning English because this is the most commonly learned non-native language in the world.
Cunillera, Toni, Càmara, Estela, Laine, Matti, & Rodríguez-Fornells, Antoni. (2010). Words as anchors: Known words facilitate statistical learning. Experimental Psychology, 57(2), 134-141. doi:10.1027/1618-3169/a000017
Some pathways, such as reading, are stronger than others, therefore, it is the strength of the pathway and not the speed of the pathway that is important. In addition, automaticity is a function of the strength of each pathway, hence, when two pathways are activated simultaneously in the Stroop effect, interference occurs between the stronger path and the weaker path, more specifically when the pathway that leads to the response is the weaker pathway. The hypothesis for this research is if there is conflicting information, then the reaction time of a person will be slower. If words of colors are in different colored ink, then a person will show greater amounts of Stroop interference. The purpose of this experiment is to find out how stroop effect interference varies with age, reading ability, brain disorder, and word color.
The title of the article gave a fair representation of the topic as it was clear and concise in the wording. The title encompassed the idea that alphabet letter instruction on young children’s word recognition would be explored through experiments and analysis. Reading on through the article it was evident that the effects of alphabet letter instruction on you children’s word recognition were addressed.
McClelland, J. L., & Rumelhart, D. E. (1981). An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: I. An account of basic findings. Psychological review, 88(5), 375.