The problem of this study is to find out how the color of a word affects the amount of stroop interference a person shows. The Stroop effect is a phenomenon in which individuals take longer to name the color of words printed in a non-corresponding color, such as the word blue printed in red ink, than when the words are printed in the corresponding color the word designates, such as the word blue printed in blue ink. The Stroop effect is also a demonstration of interference in the reaction time of a task. The effect is named after John Ridley Stroop. When the name of a color is printed in a color not denoted by the name, naming the color of the word takes longer and is more prone to errors than when the color of the ink matches the name of the …show more content…
In a condition where there are regarding words and colors, if the task is to report the color, the word information arrives at the decision-making stage before the color information which presents processing confusion. Conversely, if the task is to report the word, because color information lags after word information, a decision can be made ahead of the conflicting information. The Selective Attention theory suggests that color recognition as opposed to reading a word, requires more attention, the brain needs to use more attention to recognize a color than to word encoding, so it takes a little longer. The responses lend much to the interference noted in the Stroop effect test. This may be a result of either an allocation of attention to the responses or to a greater inhibition of distractors that are not appropriate responses. The automaticity theory is the most common theory of the Stroop effect. It suggests that since recognizing colors is not an “automatic process” there is hesitancy to respond; whereas, the brain automatically understands the meaning of words as a result of habitual …show more content…
Some pathways, such as reading, are stronger than others, therefore, it is the strength of the pathway and not the speed of the pathway that is important. In addition, automaticity is a function of the strength of each pathway, hence, when two pathways are activated simultaneously in the Stroop effect, interference occurs between the stronger path and the weaker path, more specifically when the pathway that leads to the response is the weaker pathway. The hypothesis for this research is if there is conflicting information, then the reaction time of a person will be slower. If words of colors are in different colored ink, then a person will show greater amounts of Stroop interference. The purpose of this experiment is to find out how stroop effect interference varies with age, reading ability, brain disorder, and word color. Individuals will be selected and grouped based on these characteristics. Data collected from the experiments were compared and put into charts and graphs. The results were compared to those of the same
The results showed that the naming number tasks had the smallest reaction time compared to all the other. The incongruent counting task had the longest reaction time out of the other three tasks. The incongruence in the stimulus in the incongruent counting task created similar effects as the Stroop phenomenon. The hypothesis that the reaction time would be larger in the incongruent counting task was supported in this experiment, as well as the prediction that the congruent counting task will in fact have a lower reaction time than the incongruent; due to the fact of having no interference.
Due to its key in understanding attention, the study that lead to many other related investigations, originated by examining interference in reading automaticity. Stroop furthered his research by creating tasks involving color naming and reading. He first compared the time it took to read color names printed in incongruent ink colors to a base line reading of color words. For the second part of his study, Stroop compared the time it took to name the ink color when congruent with the color word (e.g., blue printed in blue ink) to the time it took to name the ink color.
...ce for increased activity in visual areas or the fusiform gyrus, which is connected with color perception. These results have shown that spoken words result in co-activation of color processing areas, but not visual areas connected with the perceptual process of color. Sadly, the conclusions don’t reveal which perceptual or cognitive processes might cause the difference with people with synaesthesia and the controls.
In their pieces on the Smurfette principle, Pollitt and Ellis both discuss the idea that gender representations have intense effects on the children who absorb certain types of popular entertainment. Although we are hesitant to accept it, we are all influenced by the media in a very powerful way. Whether it be through TV shows, billboards, movies or the news. One thing that we commonly wonder about is if the adult female population is as influenced by the stereotyped gender roles present on TV or are we shaped at a young age and carry that perspective with us throughout our lives. This Smurfette principle has been around for almost two decades. It was introduced by Katha Pollitt and is unfortunately still present in our current 21st century.
Ratey, John J., and Albert M. Galaburda. A User's Guide to the Brain: Perception, Attention, and
...dering had an impact on performance while reading aloud and during a version of the Stroop task. During both experiments the researchers found mind wandering rates to be high and negatively associated with inaccurate responses across both conditions. In Stroop trials the researchers observed the slowest response times and highest error rates with incongruent trials (read word ‘red’ in green ink), however this was also the condition with the lowest amount of reported mind wandering. Increased mind wandering rates also forecasted slower reaction times; the findings suggest that processes associated with reading may correspond to those related to mind wandering.
Craik and Tulving did a series of experiments on the depth of processing model. They had participants use a series of processing methods to encode words at different levels; shallow, moderate, and deep. The subjects were shown a series of words and ask questions about the words that would provide a "yes" or "no" response. At the shallow level they were asked questions about whether or not the word was written in capital letters. At the moderate level of processing, the subject was asked questions as to whether or not two words rhymed. Finally, the subjects were asked about words in sentences and whether or not they fit. This was the deep level of processing. After participants had completed the task they were then given a surprise recognition test with the words that they were just asked questions on (target words) and then words that they have never seen before (distraction words). The results of the experiment showed that people remembered the words better that were at deeper level of processing (Craik and Tulving 1975).
A popular subject within psychology is that of selective attention, particularly visual, auditory or visual and auditory attention (Driver, 2001). There are many theories of visual and auditory attention that provide us with a greater understanding of the ways in which humans attend to different stimuli (Driver, 2001), such as Broadbent’s (1958) filter theory of attention, for example. This essay will compare and contrast theories of visual and auditory attention, as well as discussing how well these theories explain how we attend to objects. The essay will consist of three auditory attention theories of Broadbent’s filter theory, Treisman’s (1964) attenuation theory, and Deutsch and Deutsch’s (1963) late selection model of attention; and two models of visual attention known as the spotlight model, such as Treisman and Gelade’s (1980) feature integration model, and the zoom-lens model of visual attention (see Styles, 2006). Broadbent’s (1958) filter theory of attention proposes that there is a filter device between sensory identification and short-term memory.
While the task may seem similar, the emotional stroop task focuses on engaging an emotional response that interferes with the task demand of color naming rather than creating a cognitive conflict in the incongruent word presented. Demonstrating that there is an attentional bias in coloring naming bias is found across various disorders is the most common use of the task (Williams, Mathews
...erent factors may affect how, when, and to what extent change blindness occurs. In doing so, we are interested in the reaction times and accuracy of subjects in identifying a difference between an original and altered image. Other implications that we aim to replicate are the effects of the type of change including: how the changed object in question is positioned (centrally or peripherally), as well as which types of specific differences lend themselves to be better noticed or ignored (changing the color of an object, and the presence or absence of an object). We hypothesize that there will be a significant effect displayed in correspondence to color changes, in both accuracy and speed. Also, we hypothesize that changes made to the color or mere presence of an object will be significantly more noticeable when centrally viewed, as opposed to those in the periphery.
Witton, C., Talcott, J., Hansen, P., Richardson, A., Griffiths, T., Rees, A., Stein, J. and Green, G. (1998) Sensitivity to dynamic auditory and visual stimuli predicts nonword reading ability in both dyslexic and normal readers, Current Biology, 8, pp.791-797
Lobbying and advocating are roles a person can take to influence or change decisions concerning an issue affecting their personal or professional life. An advocate and lobbyist have similar but different functions that are important in bringing change to an area of interest. This discussion post will discuss the similarities, the differences, and how my selected organization acts in their role to alter health care policies. A lobbyist helps groups of citizens, organizations, or corporations’ to steer public policy in a manner that supports or changes public policy that aligns with the best interest of their group (Bernhagen, 2013).
As Director of Human Resources for People, people who need people.com, I have created the following training proposal which will include common problems that occur when managers complete performance reviews and suggestions for supervisors on how to eliminate or reduce these problems.
The Stroop effect was first done by John Riley Stroop in the 1930’s. The Stroop effect is when the name of a color is written in another color. The goal here is to be able to read the color instead of the word. This is an obstacle for many people because it is hard to focus on the reading of the color, instead of the word. When we look at words, our brain processes the word faster even when we don’t want too. Another way to look at this is by the horse race model, the minute we look at a word, our brain begins a race, just like two horses. Our brain only focus is the one horse(word) and not the color (second horse). Once it reaches the finish line our responds are the word (first horse) instead of the actual color. Our experimental class retested the hypothesis, to see if congruent response was faster than incongruent. Based on our results we could say that there was a significantly difference between congruent and incongruent response.
McClelland, J. L., & Rumelhart, D. E. (1981). An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: I. An account of basic findings. Psychological review, 88(5), 375.