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The rise of anti-semitism
World War 2 persecution of Jews
World War 2 persecution of Jews
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"...and we say that the war will not end as the Jews imagine it will, namely with the uprooting of the Aryans, but the result of this war will be the complete annihilation of the Jews. (Adolf) Adolf Hitler said this in a speech in 1942. Obviously he by this point he was not being subtle about his plans to exterminate the Jews. The fact of the matter is that the German people knew about his plans and still didn’t do anything about them. One group in particular who did not do anything that probably should have more than any other group was the churches, specifically Christian churches (including the Catholic church). The fact that they saw the atrocious things that were happening to the Jews and other minority groups and decided not to do anything was horribly wrong and went against everything that they stand for. That is not to say that everyone did nothing. In fact there were a few different groups and even entire sects that started to help. However, churches as a whole did not give a concerted extended effort to combat the Holocaust. Although many churches and religious leaders in Germany believed that ignoring the atrocities of the Nazi regime would save them and their congregations from the unforgiving consequences of disobedience, their lack of resistance was appalling and the incorrect choice of action.
Background
In order to properly understand some of the more prevalent ideas that the Holocaust was allowed to happen, it is important to look at the different churches and the historical anti-semitic feelings among these churches. In Germany, around the time of the Holocaust, there were two dominant churches; the German Evangelical Church, and the Catholic Church. The German Evangelical Church always prided itself as...
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...tler on His Plans to
Exterminate the Jews. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Feb. 2014.
Bergen, Doris L. War & Genocide: A Concise History of the Holocaust. Lanham: Rowman &
Littlefield, 2003. Print.
"The German Churches and the Nazi State." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. United
States Holocaust Memorial Council, 10 June 2013. Web. 03 Feb. 2014. January 27, 2014
The Holy Bible Containing the Old and New Testaments: Translated out of the Original
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"International Church Reaction to Kristallnacht." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
United States Holocaust Memorial Council, n.d. Web. 04 Feb. 2014.
"Pius Xii." (n.d.): Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia. Web. 31 Jan. 2014.
In March 11, 1900 in a German town called Konitz the severed body parts of a human were discovered. Almost immediately, the blame fell on the Jewish. As Smith points out, anti-Semitism had been on a steady decline, and the anti-Semitics were looking for ways to revitalize the movement. The murder was an opportunity for anti-Semitics revive their movement. After the identity of the body was discovered to be Ernst Winter, the Staatsburgerzeitung, an anti-Semitic newspaper, printed several articles focusing on Konitz. Using unverified accounts from people in the town, it claimed that the murder was a ritual murder that had been carried out by the Jewish. The use of fear mongering was affective because the paper was a Berlin based paper so distribution was wide, and news of the murder traveled far. A crucial facet of the rise of anti-Semitism was due to anti-Semitic newspapers taking stories such as the Ernst Winter murder and using them to promote their cause. One of Smith’s sources, the Preuβische Jahrbṻcher, had a printed article written by Heinrich von Treitschke who was an historian; in which one of his quotes was “The Jews are our misfortune.” His article was what later spurred the German population’s turn from liberalism a...
When a young boy is found brutally murdered in a small Prussian town called Konitz, once part of Germany, now part of Poland, the Christians residing in the town lash out by inciting riots and demonstrations. Citing the incident as an act of Jewish ritual murder, better known as blood libel, Christians rendered blame on the Jews. Helmut Walser’s Smith, The Butcher’s Tale, details the murder account and the malicious consequences of superstitious belief combined with slander and exaggerated press propaganda. Foreshadowing the persecution of Jews which would take place three decades later, Smith analyzes and explains the cause and effect of anti-Semitism in Imperial Germany at the turn of the century. Utilizing Smith’s book as a primary source,
Bard, Mitchell G., ed. "Introduction." Introduction. The Holocaust. San Diego: Greenhaven, 2001.
The events which have become to be known as The Holocaust have caused much debate and dispute among historians. Central to this varied dispute is the intentions and motives of the perpetrators, with a wide range of theories as to why such horrific events took place. The publication of Jonah Goldhagen’s controversial but bestselling book “Hitler’s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust” in many ways saw the reigniting of the debate and a flurry of scholarly and public interest. Central to Goldhagen’s disputed argument is the presentation of the perpetrators of the Holocaust as ordinary Germans who largely, willingly took part in the atrocities because of deeply held and violently strong anti-Semitic beliefs. This in many ways challenged earlier works like Christopher Browning’s “Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland” which arguably gives a more complex explanation for the motives of the perpetrators placing the emphasis on circumstance and pressure to conform. These differing opinions on why the perpetrators did what they did during the Holocaust have led to them being presented in very different ways by each historian. To contrast this I have chosen to focus on the portrayal of one event both books focus on in detail; the mass shooting of around 1,500 Jews that took place in Jozefow, Poland on July 13th 1942 (Browning:2001:225). This example clearly highlights the way each historian presents the perpetrators in different ways through; the use of language, imagery, stylistic devices and quotations, as a way of backing up their own argument. To do this I will focus on how various aspects of the massacre are portrayed and the way in which this affects the presentation of the per...
Rosenbaum, Alan S. Is The Holocaust Unique?. 3rd ed. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 2008. 387. Print.
"A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust-Victims." A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust-Victims. University of South Florida. Web. 19 May 2014.
One of the several groups that were victimized in the Holocaust were Jehovah’s Witnesses. Jehovah’s Witnesses “did not believe in the Nazi ideology and
Botwinick, Rita Steinhardt. A History of the Holocaust. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2004.
...he So-Called Mischlinge.” The Holocaust and History. Ed. Michael Berenbaum and Abraham J. Peck. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1998. 155-133.
"The Holocaust." World War II Reference Library. Ed. Barbara C. Bigelow, et al. Vol. 1:
(Ellis, Marc H. “Hitler and the Holocaust, Christian Anti-Semitism", Baylor University Center for American and Jewish Studies, spring 2004, slide 14)
The phrase "a lesson to be learned and a tragedy to behold" has been indelibly attached to the Holocaust that to think of it in any other way is thought to insult all those of the Jewish community who lost their lives to the attempted genocide of their race by the Nazi regime. Despite such brevity attached to learning lessons from the Holocaust one must wonder whether the lesson has actually been learned or if people will continue to repeat the mistakes of the past. Angela Merkel, the current German Chancellor, has stated that the German experiment towards multi-culturalism has failed, those who wish to migrate into the country must learn the German way whether it is the language they speak, the culture they have or the very religion they hold dear . Such sentiments seem to echo those of the former Third Reich which held the German way, the Aryan way, as the only path to which people should attempt to pursue. While this paper is not trying to vilify the current German government nor is it trying to compare it to the Third Reich, the fact remains that the steps their government is taking fall uneasily close to that of their vilified predecessor. The fact is though, the German government is merely following through with the popular sentiment of its citizenry who believe immigrants coming into the country disrupts the German way of life and all attempts to live side by side in peace have failed. Despite being a predominantly Christian nation who supposedly follow the way of Christ, to hear them say that makes one wonder whether their claims truly reflects their deeds. It is from this situation that the essay of Eckardt and its view that the Holocaust is a "Christian Problem" becomes relevant to what is happening in the world today.
Ofer, Dalia, and Lenore J. Weitzman. Women in the Holocaust. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998. 1. Print.
Dwork, Deborah, and R. J. Van Pelt. Holocaust: a History. New York: Norton, 2002. Print.
Kaplan, Marian A., Between Dignity and Despair: Jewish Life in Nazi Germany, Publisher: Oxford University Press, 1999