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Effects of postpartum depression on mothers
Effects of postpartum depression on mothers
Effects of postpartum depression on mothers
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For over 30 years Cheryl Tatano Beck has contributed to the knowledge development in obstetrical nursing (Lasiuk & Ferguson). Beck received her baccalaureate in nursing in 1970 from the Western Connecticut State University (Lasiuk & Ferguson). She graduated in 1972 from Yale University with a Master’s degree in maternal–newborn nursing and nurse–midwifery (Lasiuk & Ferguson). Ten years later Beck received her doctorate in nursing science from the Boston University (Lasiuk & Ferguson). Beck has received more than 30 awards for her work and research and she was inducted as a fellow in the American Academy of nursing for her theory of postpartum depression which was developed in 1993 (Lasiuk & Ferguson). She has authored more than 100 journal
The following year Beck extended her findings into a grounded theory of PPD which she titled Teetering on the Edge (Lasiuk & Ferguson, 2005). Beck chose a qualitative approach because she believed that the BDI failed to accurately capture the disturbing experiences of PPD that she saw in her clinical practice (Lasiuk & Ferguson, 2005). Beck’s grounded theory of PPD involved a sample of women attending her PPD support group over a period of 18 months, and included field notes from the support group meetings and transcriptions of interviews with 12 of the group participants (Lasiuk & Ferguson, 2005). Using constant comparative analysis, Beck identified the basic psychological problem in PPD as being loss of control which the woman experienced as teetering on the edge of insanity (Lasiuk & Ferguson, 2005).
There are several major concepts and definitions that go along with Beck’s theory of PPD. The first concept discusses the differences between postpartum depression, maternity blues, postpartum psychosis, postpartum obsessive-compulsive disorder, and postpartum-onset panic disorder (Beck, 2006). The second concept discusses loss of control as the basic psychosocial problem of the PPD of theory (Beck, 2006). Beck proclaims that participants’
They include: (3) prenatal depression, (4) childcare stress, (5) life stress, (6) social support, (7) prenatal anxiety, (8) marital satisfaction, (9) history of depression, (10) infant temperament, (11) maternity blues, (12) self-esteem, (13) socioeconomic status, (14) marital status, (15) unplanned or unwanted pregnancy (Maeve, 2010). Concepts 16 through 22 represent the summarized predictor and risk factors that are used to screen women for symptoms of PPD in the PDSS (Maeve, 2010). They include: (16) sleeping and eating disturbances, (17) anxiety and insecurity, (18) emotional lability, (19) mental confusion, (20) loss of self, (21) guilt and shame, and (22) suicidal thoughts (Maeve,
An estimated 1.6%-5.9% of the adult population in the United States has BPD, with nearly 75% of the people who are diagnosed being women. Symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder include Frantic efforts to avoid being abandoned by friends and family, Unstable personal relationships that alternate between idealizations, Distorted and unstable self-image, Impulsive behaviors that can have dangerous outcomes, Suicidal and self-harming behavior, Periods of intense depressed mood, irritability or anxiety lasting a couple hours/days, Chronic feelings of boredom or emptiness, Inappropriate, intense or uncontrollable anger - often followed by shame and guilt, and Dissociative feelings. The three main factors that could cause this mental illness are Genetics, Environmental factors, and Brain function. This illness can only be diagnosed by a mental health professional after a series of interviews with the patient and family/friends of the patient. The patient must also have at least five of the nine symptoms of this illness in order to be diagnosed. The most common treatment for this illness is some form of psychotherapy. Some other treatment options are to prescribe medications and if needed a short-term
Knowing the symptoms of postpartum depression is critical for a young mother's discovering that she may have the depress...
Pregnancies are often correlated with the assumption that it will bring happiness to the household and ignite feelings of love between the couple. What remains invisible is how the new responsibilities of caring and communicating with the baby affects the mother; and thus, many women experience a temporary clinical depression after giving birth which is called postpartum depression (commonly known as postnatal depression) (Aktaş & Terzioğlu, 2013).
Up to 80 percent of new mothers experience some kind of depresson up to one year after giving birth. Known to most as the "Baby Blues" a mild depression that if continues can be come something much more powerful and even more dangerous. In some women they may experience psychosis, where in some cases they try to kill their children.
the dynamics at home as new roles emerge, like parenthood. This new situation creates a stress in the family that can lead to a depressive state in some members of the family. The term post-partum is also well-known and it not only affects the mother but the interaction between parents and children. The enforcement of Bernard’s Model helps nurses detect the different risk situations that can involve the child and in turn intervene since the beginning to avoid future complications in the development of the child.
416). It is easy to see how a person suffering from these biological abnormalities would exhibit the symptoms of BPD. The psychodynamic approach to understanding BPD cites need that are not met in childhood. In this theory, the caregiver is inconsistent. This inconsistency results in the child not being able to feel secure in the relationship (Boag, 2014). Children who are unable to develop secure relationships are taught that they cannot rely on people, and are therefore insecure in their interpersonal relationships. Cognitive theorists see personality disorders as developing from adaptive behaviors that they have formed that are considered over or underdeveloped in general society (Sampson, McCubbin, and Tyrer, 2006). In this theory people with BPD develop adaptive behaviors, often to inconsistent behaviors of parents (Reinecke & Ehrenreich, 2005). These adaptive behaviors are considered maladaptive, because they work to counteract the inconsistent behaviors of the caregiver, but do not work when the person tries to use them in their everyday life. In the humanistic model, psychologists maintain that people have an ingrained desire to self-actualize (Comer, 2014, p. 53). Children who are not shown unconditional love, develop “conditions of worth” (Comer, 2014, p. 53). These children do not develop accurate senses of themselves; therefore, they are unable to establish identities. Due to their lack of personal identity, they learn to base their self-worth on others. In socio-cultural theorists argue that BPD is due to a rapidly changing culture (Comer, 2014, p. 418). The change in culture leads to a loss of support systems. These support systems help to counteract many of the symptoms of BPD: little or no sense of self, anxiety, and emptiness. Many of these theories relate back to the experiences of people in their childhood. Children develop based on the treatment and security they receive from their caregivers. When there is inconsistent reliability, children
Sit, D., Rothschild, A. J., & Wisner, K. L. (2006). A review of postpartum psychosis. J Womens
The nature of the disorder makes it difficult to treat, since patients are convinced that they suffer from a real and serious medical problem. Indeed, the mere su...
Postpartum depression is indeed a major psychological disorder that can affect the relationship between mother and baby. At this time, the cause of postpartum depression is unidentified, although several factors experienced during pregnancy can contribute to this disorder. Fluctuating hormone levels have been traditionally blamed for the onset of postpartum depression. Jennifer Marie Camp (2013), a registered nurse with a personal history of postpartum depression, states in the Intentional Journal of Childbirth Education that “current research demonstrates that PPD may be a compilation of numerous stressors encountered by the family, including biochemical, genetic, psychosocial factors and everyday life stress” (Camp, 2013, p. 1). A previous history of depression, depression during pregnancy, financial difficulties, a dif...
Hundreds of cognitive, physical, and emotional symptoms have been associated with the late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Women who cyclically experience any of these symptoms during their late luteal phase are said to have premenstrual syndrome (commonly known as PMS). However, comorbidity is common as symptoms overlap with those of anxiety and mood disorders (Craner, Sigmon, Martinson, & McGillicuddy, 2014; Chrisler & Caplan, 2002). A small portion of women meet the criteria for what is known as, premenstrual dysmorphic disorder (PMDD). PMDD can be characterized as a severe and unbearable form of PMS. With that in mind, there has been one major criticism regarding the relationship between mood changes and the luteal phase; that is, the two cannot directly be linked together. Several elements have been found to be connected to PMS and PMDD such as, anxiety, depression, lifestyle, and coping methods (Crane & et al., 2014). Conversely, the etiology of these two disorders remains unidentified.
A great deal of emotions occur in the postpartum period, emotions that you could never understand unless you have been there. Before I attended a conference on depression in pregnancy & postpartum the thought of fathers suffering from postnatal depression never even entered my mind. As far as I was concerned, It was only associated it with giving birth. The knowledge I gained has not only changed my outlook on the subject but the way that I interact with and educate my patients. My focus is no longer just on the dyad of mom and baby it’s on mom, dad and baby if there is a partner involved at all. The purpose of this essay is to explore a particular concept related to professional caring in nursing. It will discuss the patient/client situation, exploration of the concept, how the concept relates to personal caring through noticing, interpreting, responding and reflection. The concept that will be explored in this paper is empathy.
Beck went on to formulate a mothers attempt to cope with postpartum depression and identified four stages: Stage one, encountering terror, stage two, dying of self. Stage three...
be a target to get this depression if they had significant others who would be expected mothers or already had the child. This dejection could even occur throughout pregnancy. It is very troublesome to properly diagnose PPD in mothers because often the signs are very similar to any mother who just gave birth. These include alteration of sleep pattern, complete exhaustion, and more. lack of a lack of hunger.
Postpartum depression affects 8-15% of mothers within a few days or weeks after giving birth. Some mothers experience a mild form of this disorder, while others experience a more rare and intense version. This intensified postpartum depression is known as postpartum psychosis. According to the Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law, Nau, McNiel, and Binder (2012) express “Postpartum psychosis occurs in 1-2 of 1,000 births and frequently requires hospitalization to stabilize symptoms.” These symptoms include: Hallucinations, restlessness, disturbed sleep, insomnia, drastic mood or behavior change, delusional thinking, thoughts of suicide or death, and extreme depression. In The Journal of Women's Health, Sit, Rothschild, and Wisner described postpartum psychosis as “an overt presentation of bipolar disorder that is timed to coincide with tremendous hormonal shifts after delivery”. Approximately 72%-88% of mothers who experience postpartum psychosis (PP) have bipolar illness, schizo-affective disorder or a family history of either which is why PP is classified as a psychotic disorder by the APAA.
Meleis, A. I. (2012). Theoretical nursing: Development & progress (5th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams, & Wilkins. [CourseSmart version]. Retrieved from http://www.coursesmart.com