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Affirmative action in colleges
Affirmative action in colleges
Racial bias in the us
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In 2008, Abigail Fisher is a white student from Houston who claims she was wrongly denied from admission to the University of Texas (in Austin). She sued UT for racial discrimination, which she claims she had the right of racial equality under the 14th Amendment.. UT denied her admission, and Fisher blamed the school’s affirmative action program, which includes race and ethnicity susceptible to being review for certain applications. One of her claims against UT was that there were students in class with lower grades and doing less activities than her, but were accepted to UT due to their race. Despite Fisher’s and her lawyers efforts, they could not prove discrimination in court. In 2009, a federal district court defended the university’s
policy and rejecter her lawsuit. She appealed the decision, which overturned the prior decision. Throughout this case, their are several appeals. The case eventually went to Supreme Court. On October 10, 2012, the U.S. Supreme Court heard the arguments for of Fisher and UT. The question was whether the Supreme Court's decisions explaining the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, allowed UT's use of race in college admissions decisions. Fisher claimed that this must be overturned. The Supreme Court ruled on June 24, 2013, by a vote of 7 to 1, but this decision was appealed. The 5th Circuit heard oral arguments on November 13, 2013, and ruled in favor of UT with a vote of 2 to 1 on July 15, 2014. On November 12, 2014, the 5th Circuit denied the request to rehear the case. Fisher petitioned to have the Supreme Court look over the case again, and her request was accepted on June 29, 2015. The case will be heard by the Supreme Court in this fall.
In the case of Alex (plaintiff) vs. Abigail (defendant), we the jury find Abigail guilty of fraud through unanimous vote. Alex presented enough evidence to support the claims of breach of contract and fraud committed by the defendant.
Over the past 15 years tremendous awareness has been raised around this and programs of preferential treatment emerged. These programs ensured equal rights for people of color and females in the work place, allowing for them to apply for executive level positions and earn the same amount of money, benefits, and prestige as a white male ensuring equality for all race and sex. Lisa Newton argues that, “reverse discrimination does not advance but actually undermines equality because it violates the concept of equal justice under law for all citizens. In addition, to this theoretical objection to reverse discrimination, Newton opposes it because she believes it raises insoluble problems.” Among them are determining what groups have been sufficiently discriminated against in the past to deserve preferred treatment in the present and determining the degree of reverse discrimination that will be compensatory. Newton outlines the importance of ensuring her argument is recognized as logically distinct from the condition of justice in the political sense. She begins her argument for reverse discrimination as unjustified by addressing the “simple justice” claim requiring that we favor women and blacks in employment and education opportunities. Since women and blacks were unjustly excluded from such opportunities for so many years in the not so distant past, however when employers and schools favor women and blacks, the same injustice is done. This reverse discrimination violates the public equality which defines citizenship and destroys the rule of law for the areas in which these favors are granted. To the extent that we adopt a program of discrimination, reverse or otherwise, justice in the political sense is destroyed, and none of us, specifically affected or no is a citizen, as bearers of rights we are all petitioners
Evaluation. In this particular case, the justices continued to follow the trend of other cases that questioned the equal protection clause before it. The court admitted Sweatt to the University of Texas law school because of unequal opportunities in the Negro facility. This case drew closer to ridding the nation of " separate but equal,"sated in the 14th amendment.
When Bakke applied again in 1974 he was once again rejected. This time Bakke sued the University of California. His position was that the school had excluded him on the basis of his race and violated his rights under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, the California Constitution, and civil rights legislation. The trial court ruled in Bakke's favor, however they did not order the University of California to admit him. Bakke appealed to the California Supreme Court where they ruled that the school's admissions programs were unconstitutional and ordered the school to admit Bakke as a student.
In 1973 a thirty-three year-old Caucasian male named Allan Bakke applied to and was denied admission to the University of California Medical School at Davis. In 1974 he filed another application and was once again rejected, even though his test scores were considerably higher than various minorities that were admitted under a special program. This special program specified that 16 out of 100 possible spaces for the students in the medical program were set aside solely for minorities, while the other 84 slots were for anyone who qualified, including minorities. What happened to Bakke is known as reverse discrimination. Bakke felt his rejections to be violations of the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th amendment, so he took the University of California Regents to the Superior Court of California. It was ruled that "the admissions program violated his rights under the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment"1 The clause reads as follows:"...No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor without due process of the law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."2 The court ruled that race could not be a factor in admissions. However, they did not force the admittance of Bakke because the court could not know if he would have been admitted if the special admissions program for minorities did not exist.
Though quiet, sickly, and shy, Abigail Adams, the wife of second president John Adams, helped plant the seeds that eventually led to the concept of women¹s rights and women¹s equality with men. For a country which had been founded on the idea of independence for all, these concepts were still considered radical and even ridiculous.
How can a girl who condemned seventy two to a death sentence and drank a charm to kill a man’s wife, a man she has slept with on more than one occasion be the victim? It’s possible when the town she lives in is worse than her. Although Abigail Williams is typically thought of as the antagonist of Arthur Miller’s The Crucible, she is in fact a victim as much as any other tragic character in the play.
Have you ever blamed someone for something they never did? In the play written by Arthur Miller, The Crucible, Abigail Williams accuses many people of witchcraft which eventually leads to the death of twenty innocent people. Ever since she is caught dancing in the woods at the beginning of the play, Abigail and her friends have been trying to disguise their mistakes by blaming others for “being with the devil.” By the end of the play, Abigail is responsible for the death of many people because of the flaws she had which led her to make poor decisions. Abigail’s decisions lead her to put many lives in the town of Salem in jeopardy. Her flaws, consisting of selfishness, anger, and cowardice, ultimately lead to her downfall which results
Title IX has affected females’ access to higher education in so many ways. Before Title
Physical Domain: Abigail Tremucha is the 4th daughter of Jessie Tremucha Jr. and Estela Tremucha. Her eye color is brown just like the rest of her family, and is the darkest of the Tremucha children. Hailing from the Philippines, Abigail is a petite young girl, weighing in at a mere 60 lbs at the height of 4’7”. With this information, she is at the 4th percentile in the weight category and at the 25th percentile in the height category for girls her age. Despite her small stature, she is still rather healthy. When the weather is nice, she would go and play outside with her sisters, doing activities such as riding her bike and rollerblading on the sidewalk and spending roughly an hour or two in
Abigail Adams, a woman very well known today originally met her husband John Adams when she was 15 years old and later on became the first lady during his presidency. When she turned 11 she met with a college professor and started her education. Abigail was born on November 22, 1744 and died on October 28, 1818 (The World of Abigail Adams). Throughout her life she had many long lasting accomplishments and was a leader in her household and for women. She helped make the Americas what they are today and helped give rights to woman. Abigail Adams was an important figure because of her relation to John Adams, her religious views, her accomplishments, and how they had long lasting effects in the world and on the United States today.
Affirmative action, the act of giving preference to an individual for hiring or academic admission based on the race and/or gender of the individual has remained a controversial issue since its inception decades ago. Realizing its past mistake of discriminating against African Americans, women, and other minority groups; the state has legalized and demanded institutions to practice what many has now consider as reverse discrimination. “Victims” of reverse discrimination in college admissions have commonly complained that they were unfairly rejected admission due to their race. They claimed that because colleges wanted to promote diversity, the colleges will often prefer to accept applicants of another race who had significantly lower test scores and merit than the “victims”. In “Discrimination and Disidentification: The Fair-Start Defense of Affirmative Action”, Kenneth Himma responded to these criticisms by proposing to limit affirmative action to actions that negate unfair competitive advantages of white males established by institutions (Himma 277 L. Col.). Himma’s views were quickly challenged by his peers as Lisa Newton stated in “A Fair Defense of a False Start: A Reply to Kenneth Himma” that among other rationales, the Fair-Start Defense based on race and gender is a faulty justification for affirmative action (Newton 146 L. Col.). This paper will also argue that the Fair-Start Defense based on race and gender is a faulty justification for affirmative action because it cannot be fairly applied in the United States of America today. However, affirmative action should still be allowed and reserved for individuals whom the state unfairly discriminates today.
The Supreme Court's ruling in Grutter v. Bollinger and in Gratz v. Bollinger are two compelling and complex cases. In the Grutter v. Bollinger case, the Supreme court favored that race and ethnicity along with other factors are justifiable in the admission process of promoting a diverse and inclusive student body on the premises of state law schools. I agree with the court's decision because minorities only make up a small percentage on college campuses and universities, and that race and ethnicity does play a crucial role in recruiting students of colors from various cultural backgrounds. Students must be trained scholars who know how to interact with people from all walks of life and they must be able to adapt and understand different people in different environments in a given context. The goal is for everyone
Clegg, expanding on the expense of discrimination towards scholars, displays how discrimination has a single benefit: diversity. Likewise, Abigail Fisher, plaintiff in the recent case Fisher v. University of Texas, has better grades than the average needed to gain admission for African-American and Hispanic students, yet was rejected from the University of Texas. Fisher, who is white, was forced to attend the l...
Winslow, Barbara. "The Historians Perspective of Title IX." The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. 25 Mar. 2012. .