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Patho midterm 1 function of telomerase in cancer cells
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Carol W. Greider was born on April 15, 1961. She competed in events, like triathlons. She went to the University of California. She graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in biology. Later on she would marry Nathaniel C. Comfort. After she was married, she had two children.
Body Paragraph 2: This paragraph will describe what the major discoveries they made including what they discovered about cells.
Carol W. Greider discovered telomerase alongside Elizabeth Blackburn. In 2006, Carol W. Greider shared the Albert Lasker Award. Later on she went to study small telomerase. Small telomerase is also known as premature aging. She found out that small telomerase can cause harm or damage to the human body. It causes cancer to people who have small telomerase.
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People have used Carol W. Greider work to discover how aging and cancer occurs to the human body. Scientists have found how to get rid of cancer and even small telomerase. They found that small telomerase is not needed for survival. When someone has cancer, different medicines or therapies kill off cancer and even mutated telomerase. There are also other therapies such as radiation therapy, hormone therapy, and even immunotherapy. Surgery is used to remove some types of cancers, but not all.
Conclusion: This paragraph will restate the ideas of the entire essay. Be sure that your last sentence is powerful.
Carol W. Greider is a scientist who has found that telomerase can cause cancer. Other scientists used her studies to find out that telomerase can even cause aging. Her partner Elizabeth Blackburn helped find what small telomerase does to the human body. Both Carol Greider and Elizabeth Blackburn found out that small telomerase is not needed to survive, and if left in, it can cause harm to the human body. Carol W. Greider is one woman who has a lot of fame because of her discoveries and much
Common sense seems to dictate that we are all going to die one day. As we all get older we crave to keep our youth, and to stay young forever is the ultimate dream. The thought of a possible immortality is just an added benefit. Even though we have strived towards this goal for centuries, have we obtained advances in successfully staying young forever? In Bill Gifford’s book “Spring Chicken: Stay Young Forever (Or Die Trying)” he explores these ideas of life and aging further. In this novel, he goes on a journey to try and debunk the mysteries and questions behind the new science of aging. He gathers information from tests and scientists from around the country to discover what really works to prevent or delay aging and what is just a hopeful hoax. He helps us figure out why we age and why aging
On September 14, 1879, Margaret Sanger was born in Corning, New York. She was the sixth child of eleven children and realized early what being part of a large family meant; just making due. Although her family was Roman Catholic both her mother and father were of Irish descent. Her mother, Anne Purcell had a sense of beauty that was expressed through and with flowers. Her father was an Irish born stonemason whose real religion was social radicalism. Her father was a free thinker and strong believer in eugenics which meant Margaret possessed some of the same values. (Sanger, Margaret) Eugenics is the belief that one race is better than a different race just because they are not like them, kind of like Hitler and the holocaust. “He expected me to be grown up at the age of ten.” (Source 4.3 page 30) Coming from a family of eleven children she did have to grow up fast. Faster than most kids should have to. She left her house as a teenager and came back when she needed to study nursing. It was during this time that Margaret worked as a maternity nurse helping in the delivery of babies to immigrant women. She saw illegal abortions, women being overwhelmed by poverty, to many children, and women dying because they had no knowledge of how to prevent one pregnancy after another. This reminded her of the fact that her own mother had eighteen pregnancies, eleven children, and died at the age of forty-nine. Margaret dropped out of school and moved in with her sister. She ended up teaching first grade children and absolutely hated it. She hated children at that time. When Margaret was a child herself however, she would dream about living on the hill where all the wealthy people lived. She would dream of playing tennis and wearing beautiful c...
In the late 1880s, genes, white blood cells, and aspirin were discovered. An Augustinian monk from Austria, Johann Gregor Mendel experimented in the crossplanting of pea plants. Eventually his research lead to the discovery of genes. In 1892, Elie Metchnikoff discovered phagocytosis. After observing the larvae of starfish, he found that mobile cells served as a defense for the organisms. This research on the cells lead him to believe that these cells swallow up and digest bacteria, therefore leading into the identification of white blood cells. Although it is unclear who deserves credit for the discovery of aspirin, Felix Hoffman and Heinrich Dreser are credited for the introduction. Both of them researched the drug while working for Bayer and they are credited for actually naming it "aspirin".
Progeria occurs because there is a mutation in LMNA, a gene that produces specific protein, lamin A protein, that plays an integral role in holding a cell’s nucleus together. This mutation leads to the production of progerin, a protein that causes the nucleus to be unstable. With this instability comes “the process of premature aging and disease in Progeria.(1)” The accumulation of the protein Progerin also affects telomeres, proteins that contribute to the aging process of cells and leads to telomere disfunction.
“No woman can call herself free who does not own and control her own body”. Margaret Sanger stated this quote for the purpose of letting all women know that they should have the choice to make decisions about their own body whenever plausible. She seemed to feel as though, if women can’t obtain control over what they want to do with their body, then they can never truly be free in other manners as well. Sanger is an amazingly determined woman who was able to give all women the chance to gain control and power over their body. Margaret Sanger is an important figure in the 1920s American History because not only did she create and establish the first birth control clinics, but she also gave women the chance to take control over their body.
Dale Emeagwali was honored scientist of the year in 1996. She has made great contributions to field of science that has benefited mankind. Dr. Emeagwali came from a background where if you wanted to be a doctor while growing up, you would be slapped across the head and told to stop dreaming. Her dreams of being a scientist came true as she worked hard to achieve her degree and make startling discoveries. Among her accomplishments she made the discovery of isozymes of kynurenine formamidase in the basterium streptomyces parvulus which, prior to her findings, were known to only exist in higher organisms. Dr. Emeagwali also proved that cancer gene _expression could be inhibited by antisense methodology, which she says can lead to better treatment for cancer. She is a well accomplished scientist that many people have never heard of.
-- Contrary to some clinical studies, there is inconclusive scientific evidence to support the theory of increasing a person’s lifespan
...nescence is result of a combination of the antagonist pleiotropy theory, mutation accumulation theory and disposable soma theory. The three evolutionary theories claim that natural selection is weak and ineffective in sustaining reproduction, growth, survival and somatic repair during the post-reproductive years causing genetic diseases in older individuals compared to younger individuals. As biological processes shut down, older individuals develop a weak immune system that can no longer fight the deleterious genes and mutations leading to death. Moreover, the evolutionary theories paved way for new research in gerontology that led to the development of new genetic theories of aging. The definite cause of genetic diseases in older individuals is yet to be determined, but all theories suggest that senescence is an inevitable process that all organisms experience.
Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome other wise known as “Progeria”, or “HGPS”, is a very rare, and fatal genetic disorder characterized by an appearance of accelerated aging in young children. The rate of aging is accelerated up to seven times that of a normal life span in first 13 years of life. Progeria comes from the Greek word (πρό), “pro” meaning premature and (γῆρας), “gerias” meaning old age. While there are different forms of Progeria, the most sever form of progeria is formally known as Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome, which was named after the doctors in England: in 1886 by Dr. Jonathan Hutchinson who described the syndrome, and by Dr. Hastings Gilford who independently discovered it in 1904 (Jameson).
Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (Progeria or HGPS) is a rare genetic mutation that is characterised by premature aging. Only 40 cases have been recognized worldwide. It is characterised by medical features that develop in childhood and they resemble some features of accelerated aging. (Eriksson, 2003) The name “Progeria” comes from the Greek and it means “prematurely old.” There are different types of Progeria, but this is the classic type and was named after the doctors who first discovered it.
Summarize what you think is the most important information in the article. You should include details and examples from the article. Also, identify any inferences or conclusions that this article makes.
Newbold, R. F. (2002). The significance of telomerase activation and cellular immortalization in human cancer. Mutagenesis, 17(6), 539-550.
Historically, the first attempt to explain aging from an evolutionary perspective was proposed as the “mutation accumulation” theory, which posits that the force of natural election decreases with age, allowing the accumulation of deleterious genes with age-specific effects on mortality rate. In other words, natural selection is quite effective at eliminating alleles that have deleterious effects early in life, but late in life its force diminishes; evolution allows the accumulation of deleterious alleles by a combination of mutation pressure and genetic drift, unopposed by natural selection (Rose 363-371). This idea, as sketchy as is was unsubstantiated, was further developed into “antagonistic pleiotropy” hypothesis, which basically argues that natural selection favors alleles that have aging as a side-effect, provided they had beneficial effect during youth - they exhibit pleiotropic, or opposite effects at different calendar ages, and senescence is basically a “maladaptive byproduct of selection for survival and reproduction during youth” (Fabian and Flatt).
Paragraph 1 – introduction. This should refer to the essay title and tell the reader what the essay is about in the order that the information will be presented.
2. The body is made up of the paragraphs which support your thesis. These paragraphs contain the evidence,