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Role of government in economic activity
An essay on fiscal policy
Government role in the economy
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Internet Assignment
1. California budget challenge
How does the general economy affect government budgets? What is the role of government in helping the economy grow?
The government’s revenue comes from taxes. When the economy is doing well, the money keeps moving within the economy. The more transactions within the economy, the more revenue the government can make. This is the case with sales taxes and other trade and commerce related taxes. The government also takes in much of its revenue from property taxes. If the economy is doing well it is likely that more citizens will own property instead of rent. When the economy is not doing well, the money stops moving and the government may not collect as many taxes.
There are two major views on the government’s role in the economy, the Keynesian view, and laissez faire. The Keynesian view is often held by liberals and democrats. This is the belief that it is the government’s responsibility to regulate and attempt to manipulate the economy. This is often characterized by taxing and subsidizing, and redistribution of wealth. The laissez faire philosophy is held by republicans and libertarians. In a laissez faire economy, the market determines where the money flows. Those who participate in the market determine the supply and demand with the way they spend their time and money.
Which decisions were most difficult to make? Which program cuts or tax increases were the most challenging? Why?
The amount of funding for education was the most difficult to determine. This education system seems to be very inefficient and the huge backlog of teacher pensions restricted the more favorable budget. Well educated students leads to a more productive economy but there are many who do not take ad...
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...s many untapped resources that the government has kept businesses from taking advantage of. I believe a reduction in restrictions could lead to economic growth as seen in other states that have used fracking to bring in large amounts of growth.
Works Cited
Libertarian Party Platform - http://www.lp.org/platform
Opt out of gov. Regulation - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zh1KzKURfVc&index=6&list=PL46A5304D2D15400F
Libertarian Party-issues-taxes - http://www.lp.org/issues/taxes
LP-issue-freedom of speech - http://www.lp.org/issues/freedom-of-speech
LP-issues-immigration - http://www.lp.org/issues/immigration
California State Constitution - http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/.const/.article_5
Elect Tim Donnely-issues-responsibility - http://www.electtimdonnelly.com/issues-responsibility
Elect Tim Donnely-issues-Prosperity - http://www.electtimdonnelly.com/issues-prosperity
The laissez- faire policy refers to the lack of government intervention and regulation of the economy, the ideology lies in the belief that the government would not aid nor hinder businesses (“Business of America. Laissez-Faire Capitalism and Government”). Presidents and a vast number of Americans before the 20th century supported the absence of the government in the economy, since it promoted competition and economic growth. For instance, during the late 19th century the U.S economy prospered from the lack of government intervention, resulting in a 400 percent increase in the economy ("Laissez-Faire.”). Although, the laissez-faire policy expands the economy; a lack of government interference and regulation of the economy grants companies with an opportunity to take advantage. Consequently, it enables for companies to control an entire industry and increase prices that hinder the consumer and eliminate
I believe that it's’ important to use our constitution as a guiding tool to help appoint the correct people for the job.John Maynard Keynes was a British economist where he fundamentally changed the theory and practices of macroeconomics and economic policies of government. Although he was revolutionary most of his policies were controversial and used Keynesianism economic to get people to stay away from them . His approach to macroeconomic management was different since the previous traditional laissez-faire economists believed that an economy would automatically correct its imbalances and move toward a state of equilibrium, They expected the dynamics of supply and demand to help the economy adjust to recession and inflation without government action. Laissez-faire economics thus regarded layoffs, bankruptcies and downturns in the economy not as something to be avoided but as elements of a natural process that would eventually improve. However that was not the case for the great depression. Keynes also believed that a given level of demand in an economy would produce employment however he insisted that low employment during the depression resulted from inadequate
Comparing Keynesian Economics and Supply Side Economic Theories Two controversial economic policies are Keynesian economics and Supply Side economics. They represent opposite sides of the economic policy spectrum and were introduced at opposite ends of the 20th century, yet still are the most famous for their effects on the economy of the United States when they were used. The founder of Keynesian economic theory was John Maynard Keynes.
As the article suggested there is an increase in the requirement of a higher education to maintain a well-paid job although, there is an “avalanche of over-qualification” (177) in the workforce. The author indirectly indicates his audience, as being academics of all ages in the university system. The author evokes emotional stimulation from his audience as he stated, “[t]here’s still a reason to get an education! It’s just not anything to do with education” (177). Further indicating a debate regarding the stance of the education system being a business rather than pleasure organization. Through playful language, the author is able to maintain the audience's interest and persuade them into solely seeing the education system as a system with bearing resemblance to the democratic system. Relying on all three rhetorical appeals, the author truly utilizes his language to convey a distinct tone and voice from his argument. Appealing to his audience, the author uses this article to inform them of a false consciousness many academics seem to have, as it is the tendency to believe and define oneself in support of the very system which oppresses them. The bases of the authors argument are to grasp the view of the majority of the scholars and push them to think the same way he does as a
The biggest question or dispute regarding the cost of higher education is finding the appropriate monetary and economical equation to determine the percentage of personal and public responsibility. The above debate has been in question since the 1800’s when Thomas Jefferson stated; "I think by far the most important bill in our whole code is that for the diffusion of knowledge among the people. No other sure foundation can be devised, for the preservation of freedom and happiness ”. Those important words that called attention to the importance of having an educated citizenry in order to preserve democracy are until this day, words by which legislator...
The government plays a vital role in making business policies. For example, the UK government in 2014 budget the government has introduced a rise of 40% in the tax. As a consequence, the lending interest rate falls but the taxation is still high. Since 2010, the growth of GDP in UK was at -11% and by 2013, the GDP growth was at -6.6%, this is a good indication though it is at slowest rate.
The author gives support to these points by stating “The question of aid to our own higher educational institutions often intruded itself upon me” showing his intrigue for higher education and “a controlling interest the general management of public matters, especially those connected with education and improvement of the poorer classes.”. And “I believe that higher wages to men who respect their employers and are happy and contented are a good investment” stating he was absent “in the highlands of
Every company and individual impacts the economy is some way and the collective decisions of those people begin to shape the success of the economy. The governments job is simply to guide those companies and individuals in the right direction and help stimulate the communities interest to continue to put money back into the economy. A proper distribution of money will allow for the people to invest in their community as well as themselves through saving for their future. If people are not saving for their future, they may not be able to participate in the spending as much as others. Overall, the main objective is to get people to make wise economic decisions, since one bad decision can affect the entire community and the future of the country’s
Keynesian Economics was developed and founded by John Maynard Keynes. He believed and wrote in his book “The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money” that it is essential for the Government to play a vital role in economic stability. Keynesian theorists believe government spending, tax hikes and tax breaks are vital to economic success. Keynesian assumptions include: Rigid or Inflexible Prices, Effective Demand, and Savings-Investment Determinants. Rigid or Inflexible Prices suggest that wage increases are easier to take while wage decreases hit resistance; likewise, a producer will increase prices yet when needed will be reluctant to decrease prices.
The theory of economics does not furnish a body of settled conclusions immediately applicable to policy. It is a method rather than a doctrine, an apparatus of the mind, a technique for thinking, which helps the possessor to draw correct conclusions. The ideas of economists and politicians, both when they are right and when they are wrong, are more powerful than is commonly understood. Indeed the world is ruled by little else. Practical men, who believe themselves to be quite exempt from any intellectual influences, are usually the slaves of some defunct economist." (John Maynard Keynes, the General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money p 383)
An increase in government spending or a reduction in net taxes is always aimed at increasing aggregate output (Y). The main aim is to stimulate the economy but this may lead to many problem such as inflations, budget deficit because of needed debt to finance the deficit. Before finding out which is the better options for stimulation of any economy we need to first be clear with the concept of multiplier.
The appropriate role of government in the economy consists of six major functions of interventions in the markets economy. Governments provide the legal and social framework, maintain competition, provide public goods and services, national defense, income and social welfare, correct for externalities, and stabilize the economy. The government also provides polices that help support the functioning of markets and policies to correct situations when the market fails. As well as, guiding the overall pace of economic activity, attempting to maintain steady growth, high levels of employment, and price stability. By applying the fiscal policy which adjusts spending and tax rates or monetary policy which manage the money supply and control the use of credit, it can slow down or speed up the economy's rate of growth in the process, affecting the level of prices and employment to increase or decrease.
This expansion can be a one-time increase in the economy’s size, that will not affect the future growth rate. A boost in aggregate demand can raise GDP and help the actual GDP align with the potential GDP. The income tax’s role in revenue generation, it effects on a variety economic activities and its impact of the distribution of after tax income will affect the long term fiscal status of the government. Tax policies can influence economic choices and tax cuts will eventually lead to a bigger economy in the long run. Cutting taxes would raise the amount of income into each household and raise the amount saved or invested. Tax cuts that are financed by immediate cuts in nonproductive government spending can raise the output, but tax cuts financed by reductions in government investment could reduce output. If tax cuts aren’t financed by spending cuts it may lead to an increase in federal borrowing, which will reduce long term growth. Evidence has suggested that tax cuts that are financed by debt for a long period of time will have no positive impact on the long term growth or could reduce growth all
In my overall point of view, this article is educative and have an ultimate merit especially when the author examines the education system thoroughly enough from the three perspectives which is access, equity, and quality. By pointing out the problem facing by the nation in education system, with illustration of factors and comparisons with other country, I believe it can be a platform for the government to solve the problem and look up for the better country education system to set them as a goal and make improvement. In conclusion, although the arguments in the article showed some presence of bias, the author does a good job of illustrating these arguments with supportive evidences. He makes a clear image and related information for the readers on how the education system in our nation is running.
This change broke the principle of the central state as the main provider of education. Consequently, on the one side, lending IOs stressed an economic approach that argued for the privatization of secondary school and the focalization of public investment on primary education. This argument relied on the higher rates of return and better potential to redistribute scarce public resources of primary school compared to secondary education (Psacharopoulos, 1981, 1972; The World Bank, 1995, 1980). These ideas were early diffused in Latin America through the training of economists in different US universities that drew heavily from theories of human capital (Biglaiser, 2002; Teichman, 2001; Uribe, 2014). Later, the WB staff in the region also promoted the benefits of reducing public investment on secondary education and transferring responsibilities to communities and private sector (Heyneman, 2012). The WB also reduced substantially the financial support for secondary education all around the world (see table