I. Introduction- What is a crystal? A crystal by definition is a solid whose atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a regular, repeating pattern. These magnificent solids are formed when they undergo a process called nucleation. Nucleation is the process that occurs in the formation of a crystal. The solution’s, liquid’s, or vapor’s (whichever the crystal is growing in) ions, atoms, or molecules become arranged in a pattern which has the characteristics of a crystalline solid. This pattern forms the site the additional particles left will be deposited into as the crystal grows. A crystal’s structure consists of matter that is formed from an ordered arrangement of atoms, molecules, or ions. The structure consists of repeated units giving the structure recognizable features. II. Lattice Systems and Chemical Properties Crystal Structures are divided into seven systems called lattices. A lattice is the arrangement of points of the atoms, ions, or molecules composing a crystal are centered at. The seven systems crystals are divided into consist of Cubic, Tetragonal, Orthorhombic, Hexagonal, Trigonal, Triclinic, and Monoclinic. The Cubic system is fairly basic. It consists of one lattice point on each corner of the cube, which each lattice point shared equally between eight adjacent cubes. The Tetragonal system is similar to the cubic crystals, but it is longer along one axis. Tetragonal crystal lattices form when stretching has occurred along one lattice vector. As a result, the cube is turned into a rectangular prism with a square base. The Orthorhombic system is like the Tetragonal crystals, but it does not have a square in the cross section. This lattice is formed when stretching has occurred along two lattice vectors, which fo... ... middle of paper ... ...les through diamonds. V. Everyday Uses of Crystals We may not realize it, but we encounter crystals on an everyday basis. Many of us look at the face of a clock multiple times a day. The glass covering the clock face is actually made out of crystals! Many of us also encounter LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) displays on an everyday basis as well. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) displays include cell phone screens, monitor screens, and hand- held gaming device screens. We don’t just use crystals on an everyday basis for entertainment, we can also consume them! Table salt (NaCL) is a crystalline compound as well as sucrose (table sugar), and even chewing gum! Crystals can even help maintain good hygiene. Crystals can be found in toothpaste! Crystals play a very important role in our life. They have helped our society evolve scientifically into what it is today.
Common salt is necessary in everyday lives because it carries vital substances. It also has many uses, but is found to be used in food only one percent of the time (McGrath and Travers, 1999). It is used to clear ice and snow off of roads, during the production of chlorine, in livestock feeding, to preserve foods, and to improve the taste of some foods. (Aasen, et Al 1999).
At very low supersaturation levels, say less than a few percent relative to ice, crystals grow mostly as simple hexagonal prisms. The aspect ratio (ratio of sizes along the a-axis and c-axis) varies somewhat with temperature at low supersaturation, changing from plates (-2 C) to columns (-5 C) to plates (-15 C) and back to columns again (-30 C).
The crystalline lens is a fibrous, jelly-like material that serves to fine tune the vision process by adjusting its shape and therefore the focal length of the system.
Chemicals are combined to produce new glass types. These new glass types are used to benefit other different types of cameras (such as high-speed minature cameras, black/white cameras, etc).
A crystal therapist uses precise layouts, or positioning of crystals, to balance energy on all levels of our being. Many different layouts are discussed in
One very important piece of information is that gemstones and crystals are grown during the cooling, formative stages of Earth’s development and so it has lead me to the conclusion that they are gifts from nature. According to physics, gemstones and crystals consist of natural balances and solid sta...
For the past sixty-seven years, the citizens of India have embraced their country’s independence all the while seeking to regain their past. Prior to this renewed sense of freedom, India had belonged to the British Empire. From 1858 to 1947, the British government claimed India and its inhabitants as a colonial possession. Before the British Empire laid claim to the vastness of India, the British East India Company helped to oversee the transfer of the Kohinoor Diamond from the Sikh Empire to their motherland in 1851.
Crystalline silica may be of several distinct types. Quartz, a form of silica and the most common mineral in the earth's crust, is associated with many types of rock. Other types of silica include cristobalite and tridymite.
Diamonds earned its original name from the Greek word “adamas” that means "invisible" (Oldershaw, 2005) because it is considered as the most hard mineral that is cannot scratched in with other minerals. In addition, the diamond is a unique jewel of other gems as formed from a single chemical that is carbon. Furthermore, it is doubtful that diamonds actually contain chemicals that are similar to those of Graphite and charcoal. The difference is only in the process of formation where diamonds are crystallized in the form of a cube under the pressure of large earth pressure and high temperatures up to thousands of degrees Celsius. Thus, the bonds of the carbon atoms in diamond are very strong and uniform to produce crystals that ...
The monitor is likely the most important part of the computer. Without it, you would have no idea what you were doing. Imagine trying to write a term paper, or surf the Internet without one. It would be impossible. While the technology powering the displays doesn’t change as fast as it does for other parts of the computer, there are advances which provide consumers with many choices for displays. Today, the most popular displays come in two types, Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs) and Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs). CRTs have been around longer, and are the most common due to the fact that they are cheaper. However the convenient size of LCDs along with falling prices has made them a popular choice as of late. This paper will examine the similarities and differences of the two, and try to determine if one is better than the other.
Calcium (Ca+, Ca2+) is a mineral which is integral for the formation, growth and maintenance of healthy bones. Bone formation or osteogenesis is an essential process which starts before week eight in a human embryo and continues until the age of approx 25 (Hill 2014). Bones or the skeleton not only protect organs and support the body, they also account for 99% of the bodies total calcium and function as a reserve which can be released into the body when required. Non-crystalline forms of bone salts combined with ca2+Pi to instinctively form tiny crystals of hydroxyapatite which then further catalyses the crystallisation of calcium salts in that area. Calcium salts are set down...
Melting takes place when a solid gets enough energy to melt. When it gets enough energy it is called the melting point. An example of melting would be snow turning into water. The reverse of the melting process is called freezing. Liquid water freezes and becomes solid ice when the molecules lose a lot of energy. When a solid goes to a gas and skips the liquid, sublimation occurs. The best example of sublimation would be dry ice. Deposition is when a gas goes directly to a solid without going through the liquid phase. An example of deposition is when water vaper turns to tiny crystals.
Without compounds of sodium life could not exist. In body tissues these compounds hold water, and sodium can cause death when you have a severe deficiency of sodium. Sodium compounds solutions are also found in blood. In the manufacture of chemicals and pharmaceuticals Sodium compounds are used in the production of hundreds of every day products, industry, in metallurgy, and in sodium vapor lamps. Table salt or sodium chloride is one of...
One morning, a well-known gentleman went into a bank in London, and was received immediately by Mr. Alexander Holder, head of the bank. He asked for a loan of fifty thousand Pounds. Mr. Holder asked him to present collateral to cover that large sum of money; the man showed him a crown that belongs to the country. Knowing the risk, Mr. Holder agreed to lend the gentleman that large sum of money if he pays it back in a few days. After the gentleman left Mr. Holder decided to keep the crown all the time near by him, so he took the crown to his home in Streatham. There he lived with his only son Arthur and his niece Mary who was an orphan. He told them about his story with the crown of diamonds. When the father was going to sleep, Arthur asked for two hundred pounds. He refused to give him thinking his son was spoiled by his rich friends who had nothing to do except watch horses. Before going to sleep, he went to check that all windows and doors were locked. He saw Mary at a side window at the hall. She closed it quickly, and Holder noticed that she looked anxious. After he went to sleep, he heard some noise that woke him up; he waited until he heard it again coming from his sitting room. He jumped out of his bed and saw his son holding the crown broken from the side and three diamonds were missing. In grief, he accused Arthur of being a thief and a liar. Meanwhile Mary came in and seeing the crown fainted. Arthur asked if he could leave for five minutes but Holder refused and called the police to take his only beloved son to jail. The police searched the house but could not find anything and advised Holder to get the help of Mr. Holmes the famous detective.
Ionic compounds, when in the solid state, can be described as ionic lattices whose shapes are dictated by the need to place oppositely charged ions close to each other and similarly charged ions as far apart as possible. Though there is some structural diversity in ionic compounds, covalent compounds present us with a world of structural possibilities. From simple linear molecules like H2 to complex chains of atoms like butane (CH3CH2CH2CH3), covalent molecules can take on many shapes. To help decide which shape a polyatomic molecule might prefer we will use Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion theory (VSEPR). VSEPR states that electrons like to stay as far away from one another as possible to provide the lowest energy (i.e. most stable) structure for any bonding arrangement. In this way, VSEPR is a powerful tool for predicting the geometries of covalent molecules.