On May 28, 1959, the Conference of Data Systems Languages (CODASYL) met for the first time with the idea of developing a universal language for building business applications. That language was COBOL. By 1960, COBOL was commercially ready, and for the next 20 years, more programs were written in COBOL than in any other language. Influenced by FORTRAN, a programming language for the scientific community, and FlowMatic, the group recognized the growing needs of the business community. They thought that if the scientific programmers were going to get a single language, they could do the same for business. In April 1959, at an informal meeting at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, a small group of computer manufacturers, large users and academics asked the Department of Defense (DOD) to head the efforts (The Creation of COBOL,Brandel). The next month, the DOD called the first meeting of CODASYL, which consisted of eight computer manufacturers and a few large users. The DOD broke CODASYL into several committees, and by June, the nine member “short-range committee” was asked to undertake a six-month investigation into developing the language. DOD made COBOL mandatory for all suppliers of computing hardware and software who were bidding of defense procurements (Encyclopedia of Comp.Sci.,page350). This pressure resulted in persuading other suppliers to adopt COBOL also and thus the programming language took off.
In addition to machine independence, one of the most important requirements of the language was simplicity. The committee wanted the language to be readable by laypeople, which led to the idea of using English (The Creation of COBOL,Brandel). In addition, computer manufacturers were trying to develop their commercial COBOL compilers while COBOL’s specifications were being defined (Creation of COBOL,Brandel). A complete specification was finished in just six months. That was in December 1959. In 1974, COBOL officially changed to four-digit date fields, but that change obviously didn’t catch on right away. The COBOL creators played a huge part in the famous Y2K problem because of the use of two-digit year fields they used and did not fix in time. This huge problem cost many companies millions and they say that many of these companies will not solve the problem within their own business until even as late as 2008.
The Y2K problem effected the world as a whole and showed COBOL’s impact globally. Analyst firm Gartner estimates that applications managing about 85 percent of the world's business data are written in COBOL.
Animation, when the word is said it brings a different picture to everybody’s mind. In the beginning of this class when someone said animation I thought of Disney, Pixar, semi-modern animations on the screen. Through History of Animation when someone now says animation I think of shorts, cartoons, anime, and stop-motion animation. When thinking of animation I think about the hours, days, months, years that go to animation either three-dimensional animations or two-dimensional animations, but stop-motion animation, in my opinion, a more hard form to animate. To create inanimate objects in reality either everyday objects or objects one has created themselves and bring them to life is a hard foot to do in three-dimensional animations or two-dimensional animations but in reality, it takes a lot more time and dedication than normal animated films.
---. “Sharing the Software.” Digital Chameleon: The Rise of Computer Emulation. 13 Sep. 1999. Zophar’s Domain. 25 Oct. 2000.
Anime has been around for a very long time and has amassed a gigantic fan base. Anime at its core is animation done in a more (for lack of a term) emotional style. But, what history does it have to tell and how has it become so popular? Anime’s use of its rich history, the size of the “Otaku” fan base, and it’s unfortunate overuse of fan service has led to a massive fan base over the years that stretches to the four corners of the world.
When people hear the word 'Animation' the first thing that may come to mind would be cartoon. Although this is partially the correct answer, what many people don't realize is that without animation's history many things we take for granted today would not exist. A lot of the inventions and innovations in the industry of animation would have prevented the film, gaming, graphics, and even the computer industry to almost being non-existent. The story of animation is far from their famous kid-friendly fairy tales and colorful worlds, in fact many animated films and short films are too dark or sexual for children to even view. From Mainstream to Avant-Garde, the story is filled with hundreds of companies across the world rising and falling from fame, animators and film direct...
Anime is gaining popularity in the United States as it is shown more on television, most Noticeably on the Sci-Fi Channel with shows such as Saturday Anime and during Anime week and on Cartoon Network with shows such as Sailor Moon and Dragon Ball Z being shown every weekday during the Tonnage block. Anime is a highly used medium in Japan. It appears in the movies and on TV. In fact, Nearly one-half of all tickets sold in Japan are for anime. Some famous anime directors are Hayao Miyazaki, Reiji Matsumoto, Mamoru Oshii, Osamu Tezuka, Tatsuo Yoshita, and Katsuhiro Otomo. Hayao Miyazaki directs "lavishly illustrated, sincere, family-oriented, deeply resonate stories for children" Such as Kiki's Delivery Service and Laputa: Castle in the Sky. He also directed Mononoke Hime, A "creative and technical tour-de-force" which is the most popular film In Japanese history. Reiji Matsumoto created Space Cruiser Yamato or Star Blazers as it was known here, a show about a WWII battleship turned spaceship used to defend Earth. Mamoru Oshii directed Ghost in the Shell, "the current standard for high-tech anime filmmaking" Osamu Tezuka created Tetsuwan Atom, known in America as Astro BoyTezuka is also "responsible for the 'large eye' look" found in anime. Tatsuo Yoshita created Mach Go Go Go, otherwise known as Speed Racer. Katsuhiro Otomo directed Akira, the first blockbuster anime film in America, Ebert reviewed it, it was cutting edge in both countries and it began the "adult anime revolution"--"violent imagery, complex stories, and controversial subjects." Ever since Akira was released, there has
The development (or iteration) of the new system was approved due to successful budgetary results over the previous two years and growth trends expected over the next two years. Additionally, ongoing maintenance on the system as problems began to arise was beginning to negatively influence production performance, and a need to iterate the system to incorporate evolving production goals was identified. The successful budget of the previous years encouraged the approval of replacing the current conversion system with a successor that promises to increase production performance while lowering the fixed costs of salaried programmers needed to maintain it.
The main focus of our concerns regarding the Y2K crisis is the fact that we know precisely when it is scheduled to begin and "this appointment with destiny cannot be postponed or avoided" (Jeffrey 10). During the past eighteen months, we have been bombarded with extensive information in the media regarding the Y2K problem including predictions on how it will impact our society. This problem can be traced back to approximately forty years ago, when programmers in the fledging computer industry made a fateful decision to save memory and space by recording year dates with only two digits. Unfortunately, no one anticipated that these early computer programs and mainframes would still be using these systems in 1999. As a result, this technological glitch may cause compute...
If the nineteenth century was an era of the Industrial revolution in Europe, I would say that computers and Information Technology have dominated since the twentieth century. The world today is a void without computers, be it healthcare, commerce or any other field, the industry won’t thrive without Information Technology and Computer Science. This ever-growing field of technology has aroused interest in me since my childhood. After my twelfth grade, the inherent ardor I held for Computer Science motivated me to do a bachelors degree in Information Technology. Programming and Math, a paragon of logic and reasoning, have always been my favorite subjects since childhood.
The September 11th terrorist attacks have had both positive and negative impacts on the use of computers and technology. It is hard for many to believe that good things can come from bad situations. In this case it took a terrorist attack to make us realize that there is room for improvement in the quality of our technology that we rely so much on today.
Many different types of programming languages are used to write programs for computers. The languages are called "codes". Some of the languages include C++, Visual Basic, Java, XML, Perl, HTML, and COBOL. Each of the languages differs from each other, and each is used for specific program jobs. HTML and JAVA are languages used to build web pages for the Internet. Perl and XML can produce codes that block students from getting on certain inappropriate web pages on their school server. One of the most prominent programming languages of the day would have to be C++.
Pascal programming language was designed in 1968, and published in 1970. It is a small and efficient language intended to encourage good programming practices using structured programming and data structuring. Pascal was developed by Niklaus Wirth. The language was named in honor of the French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal. In 1641, Pascal created the first arithmetical machine. Some say it was the first computer. Wirth improved the instrument eight years later. In 1650, Pascal left geometry and physics, and started his focus towards religious studies. A generation of students used Pascal as an introduction language in undergraduate courses. Types of Pascal have also frequently been used for everything from research projects to PC games. Niklaus Wirth reports that a first attempt to merge it in Fortran in 1969 was unsuccessful because of Fortran's lack of complex data structures. The second attempt was developed in the Pascal language itself and was operational by mid-1970. A generation of students used Pascal as an introductory language in undergraduate courses. Pascal, in its original form, is a Procedural language and includes the traditional like control structures with reserved words such as IF, THEN, ELSE, WHILE, FOR, and so on. However, Pascal has many data structuring and other ideas which were not included in the original, like type definitions, records, pointers, enumerations, and sets. The earliest computers were programmed in machine code. This type of programming is time consuming and error prone, as well as very difficult to change and understand. Programming is a time-consuming a process. More advanced languages were developed to resolve this problem. High level languages include a set of instruction...
Today, computers influence all lifestyles, and all different types of businesses. They have become an essential part of everyday life, from chatting, to e-mail, to commerce, to gaming. Almost every person in the United States has had some use on the computer. Since the technology age began, computers have become a mainstay in American and world society as much as the telephone, the automobile, and the television.
Computers have changed the way that the world works in many different ways. Some of these changes are positive and some of these changes have had negative effects on our lives. From an industrial standpoint most of these changes have been helpful to businesses and the economy. In the medical field computers have had an impact in many different areas, ranging from the way appointments are made to the carrying out of everyday tasks.
Anime (pronounced: "Ah-nee-may") is a type of animation usually from Japan. They have their own style and it can show that in strange and wonderful ways. Anime also has its own sense of comedy and has a unique way of thinking. It can get really deep and serious, or it can become silliest (like: "Lucky Star", "Kill Me Baby") and craziest (like: "Death Note","Gintama") thing you have ever seen. Most Anime shows are based on popular mangas (Japanese Comics), just putting a little more life into them. Anime often covers more serious topics than typical cartoons. In America, cartoons are considered a form of entertainment meant for children. In Japan, people of all ages (no, not newborn babies!) watch anime. Most shows and movies are centred for
Computer technology not only has solved problems but also has created some, including a certain amount of culture shock as individuals attempt to deal with the new technology. A major role of computer science has been to alleviate such problems, mainly by making computer systems cheaper, faster, more reliable, easier to use.