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Case study for bronchiolitis
Abstract about respiratory system
Abstract about respiratory system
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The EB’s case study said the female patient is 50 years old with symptoms of fever, chills, congestion, three weeks of coughing, shortness of breath when walking. The study implies that the patient is now seeking medical advice due to vital signs recording and the noting of decreased breath sounds and wheezing. She denies smoking and not taking any chronic medication.
Based on the subjective symptoms, it appears this patient has bronchitis, a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which is a respiratory disorder. The care plan will focus on intervention to prevent the disease from re-occurring and causing chronic bronchitis. Further assessment will be needed to obtain a baseline, so when the care plan is implemented, then it can be evaluated to measure positive outcome and where alteration will be need in the plan for a great outcome in the patient’s health.
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However, the lower respiratory tract is consist of trachea, two mainstem bronchi, lobar, segmental and sub-segmental bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar, ducts, and alveoli (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2010).
This respiratory system is responsible for speech and other vocal functions. It is
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With additional bodily fluid and less cilia to dispose it, patients build up an endless hack that raises sputum, a blend of bodily fluid and cell debris. Stagnant bodily fluid in the respiratory tract gives a development medium to microorganisms. This can prompt disease and bronchial aggravation, with side effects that incorporate dyspnea, hypoxia, cyanosis, slight fever, chills, and assaults of hacking (Saladin, 2010). In addition, bronchitis can cause shortness of breath, wheezing, chest pain, and tickle of the
The risk factors that Jessica presented with are a history that is positive for smoking, bronchitis and living in a large urban area with decreased air quality. The symptoms that suggest a pulmonary disorder include a productive cough with discolored sputum, elevated respiratory rate, use of the accessory respiratory muscles during quite breathing, exertional dyspnea, tachycardia and pedal edema. The discolored sputum is indicative of a respiratory infection. The changes in respiratory rate, use of respiratory muscles and exertional dyspnea indicate a pulmonary disorder since there is an increased amount of work required for normal breathing. Tachycardia may arise due to the lack of oxygenated blood available to the tissue stimulating an increase in heart rate. The pedal edema most probably results from decreased systemic blood flow.
Mrs. Jones has a history of COPD. She was already taking albuterol for her illness and it was ineffective when she took it that day. Mrs. Jones had been a smoker but had quit several years ago. According to Chojnowski (2003), smoking is a major causative factor in the development of COPD. Mrs. Jones's primary provider stated that she had a mixed type of COPD. The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) was established to address the growing problem of COPD. The GOLD standards identify three conditions that contribute to the structural changes found in COPD: Chronic bronchiolitis, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis. A mixed diagnosis means that the patient has a combination of these conditions (D., Chojnowski, 2003). Mrs. Jones chronically displayed the characteristic symptoms of COPD. "The characteristic symptoms are cough, sputum production, dyspnea on exertion, and decreased exercise tolerance." (D., Chojnowski, 2003, p. 27).
Most patients may begin with symptoms of a runny nose, cold or sinusitis that continue to persist longer than normal upper respiratory infections and fail to respond to therapeutic measures. Even though, not all patients experience all of the symptoms, the severity of the disease is different for each patient. Other symptoms can include: arthritic joint pain, blood in urine, cough (with or without presence of blood), fever, inflammation of the ear with hearing problems, inflammation of the eye with vision problems, lack of energy, loss of appetite, nasal membrane ulcerations and crusting, night sweats, numbness of limbs, pleuritis (inflammation of the lining of the lung), rash and/or skin sores, saddle-nose deformity, weakness, fatigue, and weight
Mr Cooper has presented to the emergency department following the development of a productive cough and increased shortness of breath on a background of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). His vital signs are
Person, A. & Mintz, M., (2006), Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory Tract, Disorders of the Respiratory Tract, pp. 11-17, New Jersey: Human Press Inc.
Chronic bronchitis is a disorder that causes inflammation to the airway, mainly the bronchial tubules. It produces a chronic cough that lasts three consecutive months for more than two successive years (Vijayan,2013). Chronic Bronchitis is a member of the COPD family and is prominently seen in cigarette smokers. Other factors such as air pollutants, Asbestos, and working in coal mines contributes to inflammation. Once the irritant comes in contact with the mucosa of the bronchi it alters the composition causing hyperplasia of the glands and producing excessive sputum (Viayan,2013). Goblet cells also enlarge to contribute to the excessive secretion of sputum. This effects the cilia that carry out the mechanism of trapping foreign bodies to allow it to be expelled in the sputum, which are now damaged by the irritant making it impossible for the person to clear their airway. Since the mechanism of airway clearance is ineffective, the secretion builds up a thickened wall of the bronchioles causing constriction and increasing the work of breathing. The excessive build up of mucous could set up pneumonia. The alveoli are also damaged enabling the macrophages to eliminate bacteria putting the patient at risk for acquiring an infection.
Introduction: This paper will discuss a case study of Liam, a three-month-old boy who is transferred from the General Practitioner (GP) to a paediatric ward with bronchiolitis. Initially, Liam’s chief health issues will be identified, followed by a nursing assessment and diagnosis of the child’s needs. Focus will be made on the management of two major health problems: respiratory distress and dehydration, and summary and evaluation of the interventions with evidence of learning. Lastly, a conclusion of the author’s self-evaluation will be presented. Identification of specific key issues: Liam is a previously healthy boy who has experienced rhinorrhoea, intermittent cough, and poor feeding for the past four days.
Review of Normal A&P: The respiratory system is composed of two main parts the upper airway, composed of the nose and pharynx and the lower, composed of the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli, separated by the larynx. Air enters the nose where it is moistened, then is channeled through the 3 stages of the pharynx until it reached the larynx. The larynx, also known as your vocal cords is protected a flap of tissue known as the epiglottis that folds down as you swallow the prevent aspiration of the substance. After passing your larynx, air is channeled through the trachea into two pyramid shaped organs made of lobes known as the lungs. The lungs contain the bronchi, bronchioles and most importantly the alveoli. The bronchi and bronchioles are in a way like the trachea in the fact that they are pipe like structures used to funnel air down to the smallest level. The alveoli are where gas exchange occurs, they are small sack like structures, entirely wrapped in small capillaries where the oxygen from the air is pulled in the blood and the co2 is dropped off to be exhaled by your
Thank you for referring Ferdinando back to see me for his one-month of history of shortness of breath and cough. As you are aware, he will well up until this stage, but about a month ago he has whats sounds to be a virus lower respiratory tract infection that is causing persisting problems with shortness of breath and cough since then. The cough is productive of a small amount of yellow sputum which is occasionally blood stained. The shortness of breath is on exertion with an exercise tolerance that is quite limited to about 500m from a baseline unlimited exercise tolerance. It is not associated with any significant chest pain. He is not noticing any significant fevers or sweats nor has he noticed any eye problems, rash or any arthralgias.
History of Present Illness: The patient is an 84-year-old Pacific Islander woman who presented to the clinic with complaints of a “bad” cough with phlegm which she notes to have started two weeks ago. She describes the cough as productive and the phlegm as rusty-colored. She states that the cough has been constant. Patient does not know what brought on the cough. She has been taking cough drops with no relief. She came to the clinic today because the cough has gotten worse. She reports that the cough is usually worse at night and sometimes prevents her from falling asleep. She has not tried any over the counter medication. She complains that her symptoms interfere with her daily activities.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) has been known as a major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection in children. According to new estimate, the annual death of infection from RSV is 66000 to 199000 in children under five years of age. More than three million children in this age group also get hospitalized due to RSV. RSV can affect anyone, including the elderly, however the burden is more in the youngest who experience highest rates of emergency department and hospitalization related to RSV infection (Heikkinen et al., 2015).
These negative changes in respiratory measures have numerous clinical consequences –the most concerning of which is
The infection makes the bronchioles swell and become inflamed. Mucus collects in these airways, which makes it difficult for air to flow freely in and out of the lungs.
The patient has high temperature-sign of fever, a very fast pulse rate (tachycardia), and chest wheezing when listened to using a stethoscope (Harries, Maher, & Graham, 2004, p.
The anatomy of the respiratory system makes up the respiratory tract and can be divided into three major parts: the airway, which includes the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles; the lungs; and the muscles of respiration (Taylor). The respiratory tract can be divided into two sections which are the upper tract and the lower tract.