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Blood type essays
Abstract blood typing essay
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Blood typing is a blood group of substances that is present on the surface of red blood cells. The substances are important reason being it contains specific amino acids and carbohydrates which are antigenic. In general there are about 29 different substances on the surface of red blood cells. Taking a look at individual blood type with many different aspects of blood group antigens. Usually only the ABO blood group together with the rhesus D antigen factor is used to describe blood typing. If a recipient were to be exposed to blood group antigen that’s not recognised by the immune system, the recipient, however becomes sensitised and the process of antibodies is produced by the immune system to bind to the specific blood group antigen. During this process a memory is formed by the immune system against this particular antigen as to a second exposure that could arise. The antibodies that are produced binds to the antigens on the surface of the red blood cells, thus leading to the destruction of cells and organ failure. Blood typing is extremely important in identifying appropriate blood for transfusion and tissue organ transplantation.
What is the basis for ABO and Rh incompatibilities?
How do surface antigens relate to blood types?
In this particular discussion we will be comparing the different blood groups and how they are structured in preventing complications.
• Blood group AB has both A and B antigens located on the surfaces of red blood cells, however not located in the blood plasma. This particular blood group may receive blood products from group A or B but not permitting to donate to any other blood groups besides AB.
• Blood group A has A antigens located on the surfaces of r...
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...itive for reaction, blood would not be issued until further investigation reveals results. Ideally blood grouping and cross-matching should be accomplished within 40 minutes if no incompatibility found. In the event that incompatible blood detected, blood should be withheld until antigen/antibodies identified. In hospital settings, it is difficult to determine on clinical judgement between transfusion reactions, therefore medical practitioners rely on cute symptoms during transfusion tractions.
Transfusion Reaction
Clinical symptoms
Chills
Fever
Tachycardia
Chest tightness
Lumbar pains
Short of breath
Vomiting/Nausea
Jaundice
Hypotensive
Which group is the universal donor and why?
The universal group is known as O+ or O-, reason being is that this unique group comprises of no agglutinogens, but has anti – A and anti – B antibodies in plasma concentration.
Racism, a plague in our society that has infected our society, and still does today, has been rooted by the premise of Darwinian evolution. Racism existed long before Charles Darwin made his mark in history; however, in the book One Race One Blood, the authors explain how there is a very close relationship between the theory of evolution and what we know today as racism. The authors intent of this book is to realize the effects of a specific ideas that has shaped racism. Mr. Ken Ham describes ideas as being seeds, “…they might seem small; they might seem insignificant; they might even go unnoticed by all expect those who hold them in the moment…” (7). Charles Darwin’s idea (or seeds) of his evolutionary has taken root and made its way into public schools, the government, and even our churches. Although, racism did not originate with Darwin, Ken Ham claims that, “he did more than any other person to popularize it” (22). His evolutionary ideas have fueled racism and this is what racists use to justify their hatred toward those who are different from them (8).
Many of the subject’s were twins, mostly identical. Twins when through the worst of the surgeries, including blood transfusions. Doctors drained one twin of his blood and inject it into the other twin to see what would happen. Blood would be drawn from each twin in large quantities about ten cubic centimeters were drawn daily. The twins who were very young suffered the worst of the blood drawing. They would be forced to have blood drawn from their necks a very painful method. Other methods included from their fingers for smaller amounts, and arms sometimes from both simultaneously. The doctors would sometimes see how much they could withdraw until the patient passed out or died.
○ ABO incompatibility. People with an O blood type have antibodies that can attack blood cells in type A or B blood. If a mother 's blood type is O and her baby 's blood type is A or B, her antibodies may destroy the baby 's red blood cells and cause hemolytic disease.
There are five main categories of bloodstains: passive, impact spatter, transfer, other, and latent. Many of these categories also have sub-categories.
Harmening, D. M. (2005). Modern Blood Banking & Transfusion Practices. Philidelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Company.
Blood doping could have opposite effect of those intended. A large infusion of red blood cells could increase blood thickness and cause a decrease in cardiac output and a reduction in oxygen content. Both would reduce aerobic capacity. The human heart was not designed to pump thickened blood throughout the body and, therefore, it could lead to a multitude of problems. The diseases that can be contracted from autologous blood transfusion are severe. Even more frightening is the list of diseases that can be contracted through homologous blood transfusion. It includes hepatitis, AIDS, malaria, and CMV. In addition, shock is a factor to be aware of.
Rodak, B. F., Fritsma, g. A., & Doig, K. (2007). Hematology: Clinical Principles and applications. St. louis: Saunders Elsevier.
According the American Association of Blood Banks (AABB), there are several standards available for this procedure. These standards are vital to help intervene when blood transfusion is needed. It provides clinical recommendations to educate and aware nurses the recent advances and technological innovations in planning and management of transfusion medicine. The standards are updated so nurses can be in compliance with best practices of how to manage blood transfusion to assure the proper approach to patient care. The standards are updated as new clinical trials are performed and show different techniques. There are other associations which enforce the same standards but have some clinical variations. (AABB, 2010)
Holder, W.T., McCord, D.L., and Turner, Ralph J. 1984. Isoimmunization with Anti-U Antibody. Journal of the National Medical Association. V.76 (3). Pg. 277-283.
According to doctor’s order, repeat CBC at 1600hr and if the HB is less than 80 transfuse two units of PRBC and lasix 40 mg in between the transfusion. I visited each patients room and around 4PM I entered Mr.Govanni’s room and I noticed that he was doing something with his mobile and I greeted him but he replied without looking at me by shaking his head and said, oh!.. yes, and he continued what he was doing....
Pending normal test results on the blood sample, the donor will be summoned to the donor floor. Here the donation process will finally begin. The individual has now become a donor, for their test results have all come back and fallen within the normal rang...
VI. Some individuals requiring blood are surgical patients; burn victims; accident victims; anemics'; hemophiliacs; seriously ill babies; and persons suffering from leukemia, cancer, kidney disease and liver disease.
Blood stains are one type of evidence that can be found at a crime scene. Blood that is still in the liquid form should be picked up on a gauze pad. Once the blood is dried thoroughly it should be refrigerated and sent to the Laboratory (Andrus et al., n.d., para. 1). If the blood stain is found dried on clothing, the officer should wrap the piece of clothing in clean paper and place it in a sealed and labeled container. An object with dried blood stains needs to be sent to the Laboratory if it is small enough. If the object is too large to send, then using a clean knife the stain needs to be scraped onto a clean piece of paper, which then can be folded and placed in an envelope (Andrus et al., n.d., para. 2). When collecting autopsy blood samples, the officer should request that the pathologist obtain the sample directly from the heart and place it in a yellow or purple stoppered vacutainer. If the victim is still alive but in serious need of a blood transfusion, then the pre-transfusion blood sample needs to be obtained promptly before the hospital discards it (Andrus et al., n.d., para. 4). It is important for the Laboratory to receive all blood samples within 48 ho...
According to Karen C. Timberlake, “every individual’s blood can be typed as one of four blood groups” (556). The differences in blood is what makes every human body different from the next. Studies have shown that “people have either blood group A, B, AB, or O, with each type occurring at different frequencies in populations around the world” (Ananthaswamy 15). An individual with one type of blood cannot share blood or organs with an individual of a different blood type. Failure to distinguish different blood types can cause reject when a patient receives the wrong type from a donor. Certain methods are used in determining what type of blood a patient has. However, there are certain blood types that can accept any type of blood, and there are also blood types that can be used for any type of patient. There are many different characteristics used for categorizing blood, such as blood types, agglutination, carbohydrates, antigens and antibodies.
There are two main types of thalassemia. The first one is Alpha thalassemia. This occurs when a gene or genes related to the alpha globin protein are missing or mutated. It happens mostly in Southeast Asia, the Middle East, China, and in those of African descent. If one gene is missing or damaged: Your red blood cells might be smaller than normal. You will have no symptoms and you will not need treatment. If two genes are missing or damaged, you will have very mild anemia that will typically not need treatment. This is called alpha thalassemia minor or alpha thalassemia trait. If three genes are missing: You will have mild to moderately severe anemia. This is called hemoglobin H disease. If it is severe, you may need blood transfusions.