Blood transfusions are potentially life-saving procedure that can help replace blood lost due to surgery or injury. Every two seconds someone in the United States needs blood (Blood Facts 1). Blood has been used as a form of therapy for a variety of ailments dating back as far as the 17th century. There is no question that blood is an incredibly valuable resource. Over the years, there have been several significant advances made in not only the research of blood but also medicine. The history and research of blood transfusions has brought the discovery of blood types and the incompatibilities of said blood types. A blood transfusion is the transfer of blood or blood components from one person, the donor, into another person’s bloodstream, …show more content…
English physician William Harvey studied the hearts and blood of dogs and other animals. In 1628, he discovered and fully described the properties and circulation of blood. The discovery of circulation was an important prerequisite to blood transfusions from one animal to the same or different species. Shortly after the discovery, the first known blood transfusions took place. Many of the first blood transfusions, in animals and in humans, were unsuccessful and were fatal in humans. The first recorded successful blood transfusion took place in England in 1665. Physician Richard Lower bled a dog almost to death, then revived the dog by transfusing blood from another dog through a tied artery. Jean-Baptiste Denis, a physician to King Louis XIV, performed the transfusion of blood from an animal to a human in 1667. The blood of a sheep was transfused to a 15 year old boy, who survived the transfusion. In 1818, British obstetrician, James Blundell, successfully transfused human blood to a patient that had suffered from severe postpartum hemorrhaging. Of course, not every transfusion was a success. There were several deaths that resulted from failed transfusions. Physicians could not make sense of why the blood from one donor could keep one patient alive and be fatal to …show more content…
The blood types are determined by the presence or absence of certain antigens. Because of the antigens and the antibodies that the blood cells have, some are not compatible with the others. For example, people with type A blood will have the A antigen on the surface of their red cells. Type A blood contains an anti-B antibody, so if type B blood is transfused into a patient with type A blood, the blood will agglutinate. Individuals with type O blood do not produce ABO antigens, so they are universal donors but can only receive type O blood. The discovery of ABO blood types made blood transfusion procedures much safer for patients and greatly improved the success rate of blood
In 1615 at the age of 37 Harvey became the Lumleian Lecture specializing in Surgery. William Harvey discovered his finding of the Circulation of Blood by ignoring medical textbooks and dissecting animals. He gained all or most of his learnings from observations of cutting open veins and arteries of living animals. Many people of this modern time thought because there weren’t any anesthetics that Harvey was cruel for cutting open living animals. I think that if it wasn’t for William Harvey and all of his studies and dissections that we wouldn’t be able to learn teach and save as many people as we can today. We as people have learned a lot from the many studies and dissections throughout Harvey’s lifetime. We have learned that blood, arteries, and veins are all within the same origin, blood in the arteries sent to the tissues are not stay there, the body‘s circulation mechanism was designed for the movement of liquid and that blood carrying air is still blood, the heart moves all movements of blood not the liver, hearts contract the same time as the pulse is felt, ventricle’s squeeze blood into main arteries, the pulse is formed by blood being pushed into arteries making them bigger, there are no vessels in the heart’s septum, lastly there is no to in from of blood in the veins there is only
BioPure Corporation, which was founded in 1984 by entrepreneurs Carl Rausch and David Judelson, is a privately owned biopharmaceutical firm specializing in the ultra purification of proteins for human and veterinary use. In 1998 Biopure pioneered the development of oxygen therapeutics using “Hemoglobin”, a new class of pharmaceuticals that are intravenously administered to deliver oxygen to the body's tissues. Biopure's two products, Hemopure for human use, and Oxyglobin for animal veterinary use, both represented a new Oxygen based treatment approach for managing patients' oxygen requirements in a broad range of potential medical applications. The factor distinguishing Biopure’s two products from other blood substitute products being developed by two possible rivals, Baxter International and Northfeild Laboratories, is that its hemoglobin based source is bovine rather than human and was derived from the blood cells of cattle. Both of Biopure’s blood substitute products were in the final stages of the approval process of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1998. Oxyglobin had just received the FDA’s approval for commercial release declaring it safe and effective for medical use. Hemopure was entering final Phase 3 clinical trials and was optimistically expected to see final FDA approval for release in 1999. The FDA approval of Oxyglobin and its possible subsequent release into the veterinary market caused concern over whether the early release of Hemoglobin would impinge BioPure’s ability to price Hemopure when the product finally received approval. Given that the two products were almost identical in properties and function, it was thought that the early release of Oxyglobin would create an unrealistic price expectation for Hemopure if released first.
An exchange transfusion is a procedure that removes your baby 's blood in small amounts and replaces it with donor blood or the yellow-colored liquid part of blood (plasma).
(Topic sentence) According to the Health Care, Medicine, and Science, by Deborah Porterfield (1st citation), the word phlebotomy means “obtaining blood from a vein.” (P.34) Phlebotomy came a long way, as it was one of the traditional ways of medicine. According to Jamie Cohen (2nd citation), this practice is thought to have originated from ancient Egypt. From Egypt, this practice was starting to get used in Europe. Erasistratus, a popular physician in ancient Greece, believed that illness was caused due to too much blood. A little later, the Roman Empire believed in Erasistratus’s theory and performed phlebotomy more (P.1). With these two empires rising to the top, phlebotomy was spread throughout the world, including to places like India and Arabia as well. Years later in Europe, churches were not a big fan of cutting people open and let them bleed. So, who performed this...
Harmening, D. M. (2005). Modern Blood Banking & Transfusion Practices. Philidelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Company.
Charles Richard Drew was an African-American male born on June 3, 1904 in Washington D.C. He was very well-educated and intelligent, and he received his Doctor of Medical Science Degree in 1940 from Columbia University. During his residency at Columbia University’s Presbyterian Hospital, he became very interested in blood transfusions. Drew soon realized that the technology of blood transfusions was vastly limited; blood could only be stored for two days. He was determined to solve this dilemma because of the many lives it would save. Led by his motivation, Drew noticed that if the plasma was separated from the blood and the two were refrigerated separately, they could be combined up to a week later for a blood transfusion. He convinced Columbia University to start a blood bank and eventually established blood banks throughout Europe and the Pacific. Ironically, Drew died in 1950 after he had been severely injured in a car incident and wasn’t able to receive medical attention because of his race. According to an article entitled “Charles Drew,” “By the time he arrived at the more distant hospital for blacks he had lost so much blood that a transfusion was of no avail.” It was disputed whether or not Drew would have survived if given a blood transfusion immediately, and the story of his death angered many.
Yearly, around six hundred to nine hundred people are diagnosed with Aplastic Anemia within the United States. Aplastic Anemia is a autoimmune hematological disorder that causes pancytopenia which is a reduction in major blood components, namely, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets. This disease has been labelled as a type of bone marrow failure, that is often due to not one but a variety of disorders that occur simultaneously. Aplastic Anemia can therefore be defined as a bone marrow disorder that is often rare, non contagious, and can often be life threatening.
"What Is a Blood Transfusion?" - NHLBI, NIH. Department of Health and Human Services, 30 Jan. 2012. Web. 02 May 2014.
Dialysis is a process by which excess waste and water is removed from the blood to maintain a balanced proportion of contents/nutrients. Dialysis is done by using different dialysis machines which are usually very costly and sensitive. The duty to maintain a constant proportion of contents in the blood is usually done by kidneys but when they are not functioning properly the procedure of dialysis used. Therefore it is a very important and beneficial process for people whose kidneys are not functioning properly or who cannot undergo a kidney transplant due to various reasons for example blood type or reactive immune system. The process of dialysis might look very simple but there is a lot more ethical complexity related to it that will be elaborated. (White & Fitzpatrick)
The Book of Blood by HP Newquist is about bloods uses now and as far back as ancient Egypt. HP Newquist explains how blood letting was very popular and very ineffective, but more often than not the person got better because losing blood made them tired and sleep helps concentrate the body’s attention on the illness. Early blood transfers also were not very successful because the scientists back then couldn’t tell the difference between O, A, B, AB blood types and therefore mixing different blood types. We now know that blood letting will not help the body get better, but people do donate their blood to help others who are in need of blood to survive, which now doctors can successfully transfer and identify blood types.
VI. Some individuals requiring blood are surgical patients; burn victims; accident victims; anemics'; hemophiliacs; seriously ill babies; and persons suffering from leukemia, cancer, kidney disease and liver disease.
The four main types of blood are A, B, AB, and O. If a person is given the wrong blood type, the antibodies destroy the cells. A and B are the two types of antigens. If on red blood cells you have the A antigen, you will have type A blood, if you have type B blood on the red blood cells, then you have type B blood, and if you have neither, your blood type is O. If you have type A blood, you have the opposite type of antib...
Plasma was considered as the most important part of human blood, which carries out most of the function in relation to transport. Fluids is the major constituent of plasma, with an estimated total protein concentration of about 7.0-7.5 g/dl, as the solid component in plasma, that contain a complex mixture of different proteins which are mainly glycoprotein and lipoproteins. The concentration of plasma protein is largely occupied by Albumin, which is about 3.4-4.7 g/dl as the major protein; this protein will be discourse in further details, (Murray et al 2003). Plasma protein plays a role as biomarkers in diagnosing human diseases, due to their functions as dynamic interface for molecular transport in the body even though, their determination is very difficult because it contain almost 3700 different proteins as found in the literature, (Manley and Gailer, 2009). It was well known from early research, (Himmelhoch, et al, 1966) that plasma protein contain a minute amount of metals, and different technique were used to determine distribution, which will explained in more details. These metals are essential for many function in relation to good health of a living organism, 15 trace element found in plasma were considered of great importance in this aspect which includes but not limited to: Fe, Zn, Cu, Se, Co, I, K, Na, Mg, Mn, Ca, as reported by (Muniz, et al 2013). However, among these trace element Cu and Zn where considered as the most important of all the trace elements in coordinating health activities and were found to bound one metal per protein. The distribution of these metals was found to be high in Plasma Albumin with a concentration of 36.1-53.6 ...
...ver problems. It may also make the person more likely to get infections. Blood transfusions may help control some symptoms. But this could lead to having too much iron, as it stated before. Too much iron could damage the heart, liver, and endocrine system.
There are several different types of anaemia with different symptoms and effects on the human body most of them have very similar impacts on health. Some people inherit the disorder whilst some grow into it. It can be diagnosed at the age of two or during the younger years in a humans life. The causes of this disorder begin with during pregnancy. Some of the common types of anaemia is: