Bismarck's Domestic Policy Assessment
The Kulturkampf was a domestic struggle between the Catholic Church
and Otto Von Bismarck and his allies at the time, the German Liberals.
Bismarck was the first German chancellor from 1871 to 1890. During his
time as chancellor he shaped Germany into the state it was before the
First World War, bringing about a number of reforms to further the
Germany he envisioned. One of the main conflicts Bismarck encountered
was with the Catholic Church. The problem of dual loyalty with Germany
and papal infallibility, and the threat the well organised Church was
to Bismarck, resulted in political war. Bismarck aimed: "to subdue all
people, Protestants and Catholics alike, to the triumphant power of
the State." This was the Kulturkampf, 'culture battle'.
(b) Explain why Bismarck considered the Catholics and Socialists to be
'Reichsfeinde'.
"Reichsfeinde" - enemies of the state, were one of Bismarck's main
miscalculations during his time as chancellor. Bismarck saw the
Catholics, Socialists and ethnic minorities as a danger to the state
of Germany he had created. Bismarck also used his 'Reichsfeinde' as a
mask across the true face of Germany, hiding the people from reality
as they became increasingly involved with his political crusades.
In Bismarck's fight against the Catholic Church he sided with the
German Liberals, their natural enemies within Germany. However,
Bismarck and the German Liberals saw the danger of Catholicism from
different angles.
In 1870 the Vatican Council adopted the doctrine of papal
infallibility, which is the complete correctness in all that the pope
says or does in ...
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...t aspect, it is suggested that Bismarck no longer saw his
struggle with Catholicism as a important factor, turning his mind to
other pressing needs. Again with the socialists he quelled the threat
he saw to the German state but was unable to quell the internal growth
of the SPD.
Although Bismarck may have been only partially successful G. A. Craig
believed he had a humanistic strand in his state socialism, and W. N.
Medlicott went further to say it was, '(Bismarck's) greatest claim to
statesmanship in the last decade of his career because it offered a
constructive and imaginative solution to a potentially explosive
situation.' No doubt this insight can be attributed to his acts
concerning all Reichsfeinde. Bismarck shaped Germany perhaps more than
any other man or woman that graced the pages of history, or ever will.
Research will be drawn from many sources including several historical studies and online articles. The sources used revolve around Bismarck's attitudes and actions toward German unification and general policy. Sources include works by historians A.J.P. Taylor and James Wycliffe Headlam. The policies of Bismarck during the interwar period were researched as well, through several scholastic journals and written works.
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“Bismarck and German Nationalism.” The American Historical Review Vol. 60, No.3 (1955): pg. 78. 548-556.
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