Interactions between organisms are called a biological interaction. Within these interactions, there are positive but also negative interactions that can be beneficial to some, harmful to the other and even neutral for the organism. The interaction between organisms can be break down to three big categories and amongst those categories, it can be break down to small subcategories.
First major relationship between organism that is most common and what defines the law of nature is prey-predator relationship. Prey-predator relationship is a relationship where an animal captures and eat the other animal for the source of energy. The example of prey-predator relationship can easily found in nature where in Africa, the lions are hunting gazelles
…show more content…
for nutrition. In this case, lions are benefiting because they can nourished themselves by hunting gazelles, but gazelles are in harm because they are in danger of death. This relationship between lions and gazelles is a positive relationship for lions but negative relationship for gazelles. Symbiosis is another big category of interaction amongst organism, where organisms live together in a same host. The three small subcategories which make up symbiosis are commensalism, mutualism and parasitism. A commensalism is a relationship between two organisms that commensal is benefiting from the host but host is neither benefiting nor harming from it. Example of commensalism is remora fish and shark, where remora fish is receiving food from scraps left by shark, but shark is not receiving any benefits or harms. Mutualism is a positive interaction for both organisms and it can be found in zebras and oxpeckers. In this interaction, oxpeckers are riding in zebras’ back and eat ticks that can be harmful for zebras. From this interaction, oxpeckers acquire food and zebras are getting pest control. Parasitism is an interaction that benefits the parasite but harms the host. Example of parasitism is an interaction between tapeworms and human. Competition is the last category of biological interaction that is most meaningful for this paper.
It is a relationship where organisms compete for food, shelter, water, mate, minerals and etc. In competition, no organism is benefiting and every organism is harming, therefore there is no winner in competition. Intra and inter competitions are the two subcategory that makes up competition. Intra specific competition is an interaction in ecology, where the members of the same species compete for limited resources and inter specific competition is an interaction between different species competes for a shared resource. In the lab, intra specific competition was growing alfalfas, oats and tomatoes within own species. The same species of plants competed for the resources in soil that is essential to grow. Even within intra specific competition, the number of plants planted in the same pot made the difference in rigorousness of competition because the same species of plants are competing for limited resources, therefore higher number of plants planted in the same pot means less resources per plants. Similar to intra specific competition, inter specific competition competed for nutrients in soil, however, this time different species competed for a shared resources and there is always a superior competitor and inferior competitor in inter specific competition due to different species competing. The superior competitor can uptake more resource than the inferior …show more content…
species. The resources the plants might compete for is water, minerals in soil, and light. All three of the resources are essential for plant growth since plants gathers its energy through photosynthesis using water, light and CO2. This is important to identify because if the plants are not competing for the resources provided, there is no reason to run the experiment to identify intra and inter competition. By knowing what plants are competing for, we can conduct a follow up experiment by manipulating the resources for plants on later experiment. Competition inhibits the plants’ full potential of growth since plants are not fully gaining its maximum resources that are directly related to size of the plant disregarding its gene for individual plants. For a community, a competition promotes natural selection which promoted diversity because new adaptations arise from the stress on the community. Alfalfa species are a perennial flowering plant in the pea family cultivated as an important forage crop in many countries. It is ideal for improving the soil and providing erosion control. Alfalfa’s extensive root system nourishes both plants and soil. (Phipps) Oats species are a cereal plant cultivated chiefly in cool climates and widely used for animal feeds as well as human. Oat do not grow well on dry conditions so its important to water them accordingly. Tomato species are good for edible and can be made in different forms as a ingredient to food. For intra specific competition, I believe that the pot with 50 of same species will have lower mean value of weight and height compare to 25 of same species in the pot because the resource for growth of plants are limited and if more plants are competing for the limited resource, no matter what, the average portion of resource per plant will decrease. For inter specific competition between oats and alfalfa, I believe oats will be a superior competitor compare to alfalfa because alfalfa’s extensive root system nourishes both plants and soil and therefore enriches the oat plants in that same pot with alfalfa, thus making it grow faster. The lab was conducted by planting three different species of seeds(alfalfa, oats, tomatoes) in a same size pots. 9 combination of pots were created during the lab: 25 A pot, 25 O pot, 25 T pot, 50 A pot, 50 O pot, 50 T pot, 25 A 25 O pot, 25 O 25 T pot, 25 T 25 A pot. All pots were grown with same conditions; amount water, size of pot and greenhouse growing condition. After 8 weeks, measured the height and weight of the plants in each pot and compared data. The logic behind creating 9 combinations of pots was in order to test for both intra specific and inter specific competitions between plants. By mixing different species of plants in same pot, it creates inter specific competition since two different species of plants are competing for shared resources on that pot. The different number of same species planted on the pot was to create intra specific competition where same species of plant is competing for limited resource in that pot. The control of this experiment is the 25 plants of same species in a single pot and the value of this can be used as a control to find the interaction coefficient. The intra specific interaction for all three species of plants are negative interaction because compare to the mean of length and weight of 25 plants in a pot, 50 plants in a pot has lower mean value for length and weight. The p-values of these statistical evidence is low enough to reject the null hypothesis thus proving that the intra specific interaction for all three species are negative. The outcome of this competition is that more plants planted on same size pot with same condition provided such as amount of water, radiation of light and same greenhouse growing condition, results in smaller size plant at specific time compare to less plants planted on the same condition because its competition on limited resources. The inter specific interaction between 25 O/A is both positive and negative interaction because for 25 oats’ with 25 alfalfa mean length and weight compare to 50 oats was higher and 25 alfalfas’ with 25 oats mean length and weight compare to 50 alfalfas’ was lower.
The p- value is low enough to reject the null hypothesis and thus proving there is an interaction. The outcome of this inter specific competition between oats and alfalfa is that oats are a superior competitor than alfalfa and takes up more nourishment from the shared resources and use it to grow bigger. Also the oats intra specific competition is more rigorous than oats’ inter specific competition against alfalfas.
The difference between treatments with and without fertilizer is that when fertilizer was added to the plants, all three species of plants grew bigger in same amount of time compare to the plants that did not receive the fertilizer. This is due to the fact fertilizer supplies plant nutrients that are essential to grow the plants. Using the p-value in the table, I can reject the null hypothesis except for 25 alfalfas with 25 oats since its mean values are higher than the fertilized 25 alfalfas with 25
oats. The hypothesis for intra specific interaction is supported by the data because the results supports that the average of pots with only 25 of same species of plants’ length and weight is greater than the average of pots with 50 of same species of plants’ length and weight. The hypothesis for inter specific interaction is also supported by the data because oats were a superior competitor due to the fact its average length and weight is greater than average length and weight of 50 oats itself. The competition between plants whether its intra or inter specific is for nourishment from the resources in order to grow faster and bigger. By adding the fertilizer to the soil, it increases the growth of the plant, thus making the plant bigger than plants without fertilizer in same amount of time. For future agriculture planting for these plants, the lesson is to avoid planting oats and alfalfa together, since oats are the superior competitor compare to alfalfa, it will take up the majority of nutrient that is needed for alfalfa to grow and use it to grow them. The best competitor is not dominating natural communities because if intraspecific competition is more severe than inter specific competition, or if other factors such as effects of predators or weather negatively affect the superior competitor. These factors might allow more species to coexist. The seed size, germination time and growing time is relevant because bigger the seed is its important to plant farther down than the smaller seeds. The ideal way to measure the effects of species interaction would be using Wit Replacement Series however usually this is not feasible we instead assume reduction of plant size reflects a reduction in fitness. Comparing the monoculture to 50:50 mixture and if 50:50 mixture is less than in monoculture planted at the same density it’s an inferior competitor and vice versa of superior. The limitation of this lab is not really accurate measurement because it didn’t measure the reproductive fitness but used weight and height as a comparative measurement. In order to be accurate it is important to use Wit Replacement Series technique. Also how the measurement of height and weight was very unclear and lots of systematic error could have occurred in during that process. Change up the soil to see which species of plants will grow the fastest and compare to the data in this experiment to see what changes soil made to the plants. The mobility of the nutrient in the soil is hypothesized to strength of competitive interactions between plants vary with soil nutrient mobility (Wilberts). Using this idea, the new experiment can be finding the best soil that can maximized the soil nutrient mobility of both alfalfa and oats at the same time thus it can maximize its planning for agriculture of alfalfa and oats.
To reiterate, let’s construct another example of two companies that produce oranges. Company number one is located in Florida where it’s the perfect environment to produce oranges. Company number two however is located in Toronto, which to be fair, isn 't a suitable environment to produce natural oranges, unless of course they’re produced in a green house. Although both companies are able to grow and produce oranges, company number one has the absolute advantage because they use the much cheaper and natural methods, hence the greater demand. This theory can be contradicted with the concept of comparative advantage, which in description means the ability to produce specific goods at a lower opportunity
They come in various shapes, sizes, and colors, and are different in so many ways, but in the end, they all need each other to survive. This is the beauty of nature, in its most purest form, it is the perfect symbiotic
A symbiotic relationship is mutual benefit and dependence between two people that may seem dissimilar, but can be achieved if they work together. In a relationship where people are depending on and supporting each other, they may begin to rely on each other to survive. In the Bean Trees, Barbara Kingsolver writes about the Wisteria Vine and Rhizobia. The Wisteria vine thrives in poor soil because of the Rhizobia, a bug that lives underground in the roots of the Wisteria. They turn the soil into fertilizer so that the vine can live. In turn the vine provides a home for the microscopic bugs. Like the Wisteria Vine and Rhizobia need the other, Kingsolver introduces characters that have symbiotic relationships which emphasizes the importance of
the nonspecific or universal role of relationships been analyzed in the context of the larger novel.
Yes the hypothesis was supposed, which was "Germinating seed would take in more oxygen because they are actively going through cellular respond growing. This is shown in the data when looking at the Corrected Difference at 5 minutes germinating peas was at .05 and dry peas with beads was only .01, then looking at the data at the end at 20 minutes germinating peas were at .24 and dry peas and beads were at .04. The germinating were ahead of the dry peas with taking in more oxygen. The independent variable was the germination of the peas. The dependent variable was the amount of oxygen consumption. Germinating peas are growing and going through cellular respiration at a higher rate, this effects oxygen consumption because because the higher the
Null Hypothesis: If different de icing techniques are used then there will be no statistically significant difference on the growth of Tall Fescue grass.
The different types of components of an ecosystem are connected. it is very important to know, because a change in the amount of abiotic resources available or a change in the size of anyone in a certain population of organisms can have impact on the size of the other populations found in that ecosystem. Also the interactions that take place between the organisms that are found in an ecosystem can change the characteristics of some populations. One example that characteristics can be influenced by population interactions include the proportion of individuals within a population to have a specific traits or the average height or weight of the members of that population. One type of interaction that can result in a change in the characteristics of a population is a predation. It often has strong influence on the characteristics of a prey population. biologist study how the characteristics of a specific prey population change in the response to a specific type of predation and to understand how different types of interactions can result in a change in the characteristics of a population.
The test is to see if spinach leaves discs can be effected by photosynthesis. I predicted that more disc would float in the light than in the dark. After writing down my hypothesis, I put the discs in water on a petri dish and waited 15 minutes. I then recorded if the in the light were floating or not. I also found out that the disc will also change color when they are in the light or in the dark. The hypothesis is supported when the light does have more disc floating in the petri dish than the dark did. I also determined other things as well such as the the dependent and independent variables, and the control treatments. The independent variable is the amount of oxygen in the discs. The dependent variable is the light, darkness, and the amount
Our experiment had many different variables, the independent variables were Soy milk, Big Red, Chicken Broth, and Bleach water (1% bleach in water). These variables were chosen as they very outlandish choices, but not outlandish enough that we thought they would inhibit growth much. The Dependent variables for this experiment were plant height, color, wiltedness, and number of leaves. We would simply measure how tall the plants had grown (when we saw growth), we would look and see if it had a green coloration or another coloration,
Cats are a small mammal that is regularly domesticated to be a house pet. They are an animal with a short snout and retractile claws. Cats are similar to myself in my physical characteristics, my social habits and in my literary-related behaviors. The type of cat I am most similar to is the short-haired sable Burmese.
The articles, “Animal Roles and Relationships” and “ Unusual Animal Friendships”, both state the unique relationships that animals have with each other. From reading both articles, a dog, that just had puppies could care for a litter of new kittens in numerous ways. Thanks to both articles, “Animal Roles and Relations” and “Unusual Animal Friendships”, I now know how the relationship between animals actually work. The articles states that the relations between animals are different according to the animals that are involved. Article, “Animal Roles and Relationships” states that every group member of a animal pack, has to play a certain role, of which things they would do to make sure everyone is taken care of. The article, “ Unusual Animal
I am the only child in my family, so I often felt some kind of solitude. Finally, instead of a sibling, on my eleventh birthday I received a very special present from my lovely parents. It was a white cat with some black spots on its paws and near the neck. I proudly called him Tom as I was a huge fan of “Tom And Jerry” cartoons which attracted me to the TV every evening. I can’t find a word to describe that happy moments of my childhood spent playing with Tom. I built a small house for him from Lego pieces, forced him to stay in bed to watch cartoons together, and taught him how to play soccer along with some other tricks, and washing Tom in the bath was also a pleasure challenge for me. Now, I’m much older, but exciting love for cats didn’t disappear. Sometimes, walking down the streets in my town, when I saw poor homeless cats, I felt large regret to their hard lives. However, at the same time, I saw much more land animals were killed to become my food later, and my feelings weren’t alike. My love and compassion extended only on cats but not on a cow or a pig mostly because they never were so close to me as the cat was. Sadly, I am not the only representative of such problem when people care exclusively about the animals they love.
The branch of science that deals with how living things, including humans, are related to their surroundings is called ecology . The Earth supports some 5 million species of plants, animals, and microorganisms. These interact and influence their surroundings, forming a vast network of interrelated environmental systems called ecosystems. The arctic tundra is an ecosystem and so is a Brazilian rain forest. The islands of Hawaii are a relatively isolated ecosystem. If left undisturbed, natural environmental systems tend to achieve balance or stability among the various species of plants and animals. Complex ecosystems are able to compensate for changes caused by weather or intrusions from migrating animals and are therefore usually said to be more stable than simple ecosystems. A field of corn has only one dominant species, the corn plant, and is a very simple ecosystem. It is easily destroyed by drought, insects, disease, or overuse. A forest may remain relatively unchanged by weather that would destroy a nearby field of corn, because the forest is characterized by greater diversity of plants and animals. Its complexity gives it stability.
Social interactions are the manner in which we socialize and react to other people. Social interaction has been around humanity since the beginning. It is so important that without it, settlements and groups wouldn’t have formed the way we know it today. It is the building block of society, people get together and design rules, institution and select officials to guide their way of living. It means interaction is social relationship among the individuals. It is a sort of action and reaction position among the people. It involves the acts that people do to others and the return the expect. Social interaction consists of many concepts which are: Exchange, competition, cooperation, conflict and coercion.
Animals can be perceived in many different ways. While some humans consider animals to be mindless machines programmed with instinct, others view them as spiritual creatures capable of coherent thought and emotions. I feel that animals are somewhere in the middle. Although they rely heavily on instinct, the ability to feel emotions shows that their mental capacity is not far from that of a human.