1. Define motivation and emotion.
Motivation, can be called the goal directed behavior. Motivation is the internal state or condition
that activates and gives direction to our thoughts, felling and actions. (Lahey, B. 2012) Motivation prompts us to take action, and gives us direction to our thoughts. Emotion is positive or negative feelings generally in reaction to stimuli that are accompanied by physiological arousal and related behavior. (Lahey, B. 2012) When we are afraid we have an unpleasant feeling, and when we are happy the feeling is the opposite of unpleasant.
2. Explain the biological and psychological aspects of both motivation and emotion.
Motivation and emotions are forces or feelings that drive us to take action. Achievement motivation is the psychological need for success. People are motivated to by means of learning new skills, competition with other people, or a fear of failure. (Lahey, B. 2012) Many psychologist think that we are born with basic emotions. As we grow and learn these emotions change. The instinct theory states that
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motivation is the result of our biological and genetic programming. We all have a basic motivation to survive. Our emotions are influenced by biology. (Lahey, B. 2012) 3.
What are the levels in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
Maslow hierarchy of needs has different levels. There is the Physiological need. These are our basic needs for survival. These are very basic and instinctive needs. The Second is Security
Needs. The need for security and safety like shelter, employment, and health care. The third need is the need for social. Social needs are less basic than the prior needs or physiological and security. This is the need for friends, relationships, and companionship. (Lahey, B. 2012) The fourth need is esteem needs. Esteem needs are things that reflect on our self-esteem or personal recognition and accomplishments. The fifth level is self-actualizing needs. Self –actualizing needs is the need to personal growth. If the lower needs in the hierarchy are not met, then higher motives will not operate. (Lahey, B. 2012)
4. Define sex, gender, sexuality, and sexual
orientation. Sex refers to a person’s biological status as a male, female, or intersex. There are several ways to determine ones sex like, their internal reproductive organs or external genitalia, or sex chromosomes. Gender is the attitudes, feeling and behaviors that a given culture associates with a person’s biological sex. (Lahey, B. 2012) Sexuality is how people experience and express themselves as sexual beings. Sexual orientation is who we prefer to have sexual and romantic relationships with. If we have the desire to have these motivations with members of the other sex then they are called heterosexual. People who prefer to have sexual and romantic relationships with are called homosexual. There is a percentage of the population that has the motivations for both members of their same sex and opposite sex. These people are called bisexual. (Lahey, B. 2012) 5. What are examples of external and internal (social and biological) factors that affect gender identity and sexual orientation? Most psychologists believe that social learning experiences are important in the development of homosexuality. There is evidence that atypical levels of some sex hormones during development may increase the chances of homosexuality. (Lahey, B. 2012) Most gay males have more than one older sibling. Later born males are exposed to lower levels of prenatal testosterone. This could reflect a hormonal influence on male homosexuality. There is evidence that areas of the hypothalamus are different in homosexuals and heterosexuals. (Lahey, B. 2012) 6. Describe Solomon’s opponent-process theory of motivation and analyze his explanation of craving diverse things, such as parachute jumping, drugs, and dysfunctional lovers. Solomon’s opponent theory of new motives is based on changes over time in contrasting feelings. Solomon said every state of positive feeling is followed by a contrasting negative feeling and vice versa. The second part of this is that any positive or negative feeling experienced many times will lose its intensity. (Lahey, B. 2012) With parachute jumping the first time we do it we are in a state of shock and then we become excited talking excitedly about the experience. The fear of free falling is shifted from a negative fear to a positive euphoria. If you continue to jump the fear becomes less intense. With drug use Solomon sees the addiction the same way. (Lahey, B. 2012) The first time a person using drugs they have a pleasurable rush followed by the uncomfortable feeling of coming down. Once you are hooked the pleasure of using the drug in the same amount is diminished, however the pain of withdrawals is much worse. (Lahey, B. 2012) 7. Identify and summarize the principles behind the different personality theories. Freud developed a general theory of personality. Today it is called psychoanalytic theory, it helps to explain why people develop their unique patterns of typical behavior. Freud’s theory that the origin of personality lies in the balance among the id, the ego and the superego. (Lahey, B. 2012) These components operate according to different principles and exhibit different modes of thinking the Id has two instincts, life and death instincts. We all have the instincts to promote life like hunger, self-protection, and sexual desire. Freud believed that we all are dominated by two motives, the desire to experience sexual pleasure and the desire to harm others. (Lahey, B. 2012) The Ego is formed to help the id meet its needs. The Ego operates according to the reality principle. The ego helps the id find a safe and realistic way to satisfy its motives. The superego helps to put restriction on the id and ego. The superego opposes the desires of the id, by enforcing moral restrictions. (Lahey, B. 2012) 8. How are personality types and disorders assessed? The most widely method of assessment is the interview. Psychologist interviews the client by asking questions that are designed to reveal their personality. These interviews can range from very structured and formal to unstructured. (Lahey, B. 2012) Interviews are a way for the psychologist to get to know the person. The problem with this method is that it is very subjective. Interviews and be less reliable to artificial situations that brings into questions the validity of the information obtained by them. The alternative to the interview is the observational method. To help make the observational method more objective, rating scales have been developed. These scales help the observer respond to specific items in describing the observed behavior. (Lahey, B. 2012) Reference Lahey,B. (2012). Psychology: An introduction (11th Ed.). New York, New York: McGraw- Hill Higher Education.
Abraham Maslow, a neo-freudian psychologist, created the hierarchy of needs in order to communicate what needs need to be achieved. Those needs are organized in a tier like diagram. The needs according to Maslow are: Biological and physiological needs, safety needs, love and belongingness needs, esteem needs, and finally self-actualization.Ed meets his personal needs up to self-actualization but tends to look at other for what he should be
According to Robbins et al; (Robbins et al, pg 296) motivation refers to the process by which a persons efforts are energized, sustained, and directed towards a goal. This definition has three key elements: energy, direction, and persistence. Motivation is a complex and important subject, has historically been given a great deal of attention by Psychologists, who have proposed theories to explain it. (Riggio, pg 188),
In 1954 an American psychologist Abraham Maslow proposed that all people are motivated to fulfill a hierarchical pyramid of needs. At the bottom of Maslow's pyramid are needs essential to survival, such as the needs for food, water, and sleep. The need for safety follows these physiological needs. According to Maslow, higher-level needs become important to us only after our more basic needs are satisfied. These higher needs include the need for love and 'belongingness', the need for esteem, and the need for self-actualization (In Maslow's theory, a state in which people realize their greatest potential) (All information by means of Encarta Online Encyclopedia).
motivation is a behavior that makes people want to struggle all the time until he or she achieved the things that they all wanted. motivation can be divided into two ways, intrinsic and extrinsic. the intrinsic one usually comes from his or her desire and this method is really proven that it can possibly achieved if this intrinsic method is used because we do not need to rely on people around like friends mostly. the extrinsic one is the reversal from the intrinsic that we rely on the people who taught us to be motivated and this method quite or often proven or succeed because human also need a help each other.
What is motivation? According to text, motivation is defined as a set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior, usually toward a certain goal. Motivation is the energy that makes us do things: this is a result of our individual needs being satisfied so that we have inspiration to complete the mission. These needs vary from person to person as everybody has their individual needs to motivate themselves. Depending on how motivated we are, it may further determine the effort we put into our work and therefore increase the standard of the productivity. There have been a wide variety of theories about motivation developed over the years. Several are drive-reduction theory, arousal theory, psychosocial (both incentive and cognitive) theory, and Maslow’s H...
The author believes that goals and desires require an individual to be motivated to move from one state of being to the next. This motivation encompasses the emotional, cognitive, social, and biological drives that trigger behavior (Maslow, 1943). Accordingly, the word motivation befalls the frequently used description of why an individual achieves a goal, and the term motivation originates from the Latin root movere, which means “to move.” Therefore, motivation stands as the state that “moves” an individual to act in a particular way. For instance, when one is lying on the beach on a warm summer day and begins to feel hot, the physical need to cool down might cause one to stand up, go to the water for a dip. If the heat remains too over-bearing,
Unlike many of his colleagues at the time who were focusing on psychopathology, or what is wrong with individuals, he focused on how individuals are motivated to fulfill their potential and what needs govern their respective behaviors (McLeod)). Maslow developed the hierarchy over time, adjusting from a rigid structure where needs must be met before being able to achieve a higher level, to where the individuals can experience and behave in ways across the hierarchy multiple times daily depending on their needs. The hierarchy is comprised of 5 levels; Physiological, Safety and Security, Love and Belonging, Esteem, and Self-Actualization. The bottom two levels are considered basic needs, or deficiency needs because once the needs are met they cease to be a driving factor, unlike psychological needs. Loving and Belonging and Esteem needs are considered psychological needs, and are different from basic needs because they don’t stem from a lack of something, but rather the desire to grow. Maslow theorizes that individual’s decisions and behavior are determined based on their current level of needs, and the ideal level to achieve full potential culminates in self-actualization; however, operating on this level cannot be achieved until the preceding levels of needs have been
Motivation and Emotion (pg. 354) both play an important part in our daily life. Motivation helps us understand why we do things a certain way or why our behaviors change unexpectedly. While emotion shows our relationships with others and our health, and making important decisions. Motivation comes from the latin word “movere” which means to move where one starts on activities until one's psychological needs are fulfilled. An example in the chapter is “when a person is relaxed in front of the television and begins to feel hungry, the physical need for food might cause the person to get up, go into the kitchen, and search for something to eat”(Ciccarelli). But, there are two different types of motivation, extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. In
According to Greenberg (1999) motivation is defined "as a process of arousing, directing and maintaining behaviour towards a goal." Where directing' refers to the selection of a particular behaviour; and maintenance' refers to the inclination to behave with consistency in that manner until the desired outcome is met.
EXPLANATION OF MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS Physiological needs (survival needs) –These needs are the most important and most obvious because without them no human being can survive. There are the basic elements an individual needs to survive, they are the very first level of needs. These needs are the needs every individual needs to survive. These include the basic needs such as water, food, homeostasis, nutrition, shelter, air, clothing and being able to reproduce sexually for the formation of more generations. Water and air are the metabolic requirements of survival in both the human race as well as animals. If any of these are short in supply or this need has not been fulfilled the human body is not able to function properly resulting in death (Maslow, 1970). Safety and Security needs – These needs are a bit more complex and are relatively satisfied. Once the Physiological needs have been fulfilled then only can the individual start to worry about meeting their needs for safety and security. Safety of being safe is the feeling one gets when they know they are in no danger and nothing will harm them physically. At this level these needs become primary needs as every individual needs and wants total order and control over their lives as it contributes to each person’s behaviour. These needs include; finding a job, earning enough to survive the whole month with their expenses considered, living in a safe neighbourhood with no fear of being robbed or having one’s house broken into, access to government resources and access to health facilities. These safety needs also refer to financial security and feeling safe from harm in the workplace (Cherry, 2012). Love/Belonging needs (social needs) –These needs are also known as socia...
Motivation and emotion are usually viewed as two psychological features that seemingly share cause-and-effect relationship. We often see motivation as something that stimulates a person to act and behave to achieve a desired goal, while emotion is the feelings that emerge from the motive or drive itself, from the actions caused by the motive and from the achievement or failure of the desired goal. However. Motivation has been defined in different ways over the years, but a common component of the different definitions is that motivation is a force that energizes, activates and directs behaviour. In 2006, Franken defined motivation as the “arousal, direction and persistence of a person’s behaviour”. Motivation has been defined in various ways
In my point of view, arousal is where you get excited for rides, challenges and nervous for things like taking tests but still have to face the challenge or adrenaline you are given in your system. For instinct, well I already motivate myself everyday because of the genetics I was given from my father; he motivated himself to let go of drugs, go towards religion and start a new chapter in life instead of being in a ditch and being negative. While I do the Duran-Espinoza 3 same but with school, my family, my friends and religion. I try to balance and motivate myself to not feel negative, but to keep my head up and be positive.
The Hierarchy of needs theory, by Maslow, shows the basic and the advanced needs that the person should fulfill to reach his or her highest potential. That is why the theory is best depicted as a pyramid including seven stages. The first stage is physiological needs: water, body temperature, sleep, and sex. When one satisfies those needs, he or she can go to the next stage. Safety needs is the second stage. Here, the person is concerned about his safety and stability, so he tries to find a good job to support himself financially, and also find a good home in a safe place. The third stage is belongingness and love. To love and be loved and accepted becomes very important in this stage, so the person starts to worry about his relationships. Being accepted and loved will lead successfully to the fourth stage, which is esteem needs. In this level, the person is more concerned about achieving and gaining approval. Ones those needs are fulfilled, the cognitive needs come to be a priority. This fifth level is attained by seeking knowledge and explor...
Motivation is the inner drive or power that pushes and gives you the strength to accomplish your goal. Motivation is driven by two things desire and ambition, when someone wants to achieve something or reach a certain goal, without these two things desire and ambition one will lacks motivation. Motivation is needed everywhere weather it’s to become rocket scientist or just get out of bed in the morning, matter how big or small the task. People with motivation have a clear sight and understanding of what they want and will don’t everything in their power to achieve it because of their fixed desire, confidence, and faith in the ability. So it is clear that to succeed in anything motivation is very important. (Remez Sasson, 2014)
¡§Motivation¡¨ derives from the Latin verb ¡§movere¡¨ which means ¡§to move¡¨. Beck (2004, p.3) defined Motivation as an internal state which is the driving force that activates behaviour or gives directions to thoughts, feelings and actions of an organism.