The article selected was released by Phys.org, a scientific research organization. It describes the success of chemist Phil Baran and his team in discovering an authentic technique to modify complex drug molecules. The following passage has been extracted for further analysis:
“Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-1-amine is a ‘spring-loaded’ or ‘strained ring’ molecule, in which carbon atoms are arranged in rings at odd angles, with relatively large bond energies. Pharmaceutical chemists know that adding such a structure to a drug molecule sometimes greatly improves the drug's properties: making it more absorbable by the gut, for example, or enabling it to resist breakdown by enzymes in the body so that it works therapeutically for longer periods.
Baran and his team showed that they could use their new method to directly append a strained-ring molecule favored by pharmaceutical chemists—propellane, so-called because its structure resembles a propeller—to existing larger drug molecules. ‘We can make that five-carbon ring structure of propellane click onto a wide range of drug molecules of a type known as secondary amines—we call that a propellerization reaction,’ said Lopchuck.”
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Two carbon atoms each bond with two hydrogen atoms, one bonds with two hydrogen atoms and two other carbon atoms and another is attached to a hydrogen atom. The last carbon atom is bonded to a nitrogen which connects to two hydrogens, thus forming an amine structure of NH2. Also, as Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-2-amine is strain ringed, the molecule is unstable and reactive due to the repulsive forces of the carbon atoms towards each
A weak peak was at a position between 1600-1620 cm-1 can also be seem in the IR, which was likely to be aromatic C=C functional group that was from two benzene rings attached to alkynes. On the other hand, the IR spectrum of the experimental diphenylacetylene resulted in 4 peaks. The first peak was strong and broad at the position of 3359.26 cm-1, which was most likely to be OH bond. The OH bond appeared in the spectrum because of the residue left from ethanol that was used to clean the product at the end of recrystallization process. It might also be from the water that was trapped in the crystal since the solution was put in ice bath during the recrystallization process. The second peak was weak, but sharp. It was at the position of 3062.93 cm-1, which indicated that C-H (sp2) was presence in the compound. The group was likely from the C-H bonds in the benzene ring attached to the alkyne. The remaining peaks were weak and at positions of 1637.48 and 1599.15 cm-1, respectively. This showed that the compound had aromatic C=C function groups, which was from the benzene rings. Overall, by looking at the functional groups presented in the compound, one can assume that the compound consisted of diphenylacetelene and ethanol or
The sole purpose of performing the lab was to utilize aldol condensation reactions to synthesize a cyclopenta-dienone, while using UV spectrophotometry and computer visualization to further understand the dienone. In the beginning of the lab, the tetraphenylcyclopentadienone (TPCP) was synthesized using dibenzyl ketone and benzyl under extremely basic conditions. The synthesis process could be further understood by observing the mechanism portrayed in Figure 1. According to the figure, the dibenzyl ketone will first loose an alpha hydrogen to form the enolate intermediate.
Pharmaceuticals have examined and found to ”work by changing the biological functions of the target cells in the body through chemical agents“ (Doweiko, 2015, p. 16). ”Many people in the past have thought that drugs that
However, it provided insight in the context of Diels-Alder reaction at that time[8] and confirmed the morphine structure proposed by organic chemist Robert Robinson[9]. As a result, many chemists eventually discovered an efficient way to produce morphine. The most prominent of which was developed by Kenner C. Rice which proceeded to make 30% of the product with 14 steps[10]. His method is based on the biomimetric route that follows the Grewe cyclization which corresponds to the morphine biosynthesis[10], as illustrated in Figure
There are four different types of hydrocarbons each having a different homologous series (formula for carbon chain). These being an alkane (formula = CnH2n+2), alkene (formula = CnH2n), alkyne (formula = CnH2n-2), and an alkanol which has the same formulae as an alkane only that is has a hydroxide molecule which replaces one of the hydrogen atoms (refer to figure 3 and
Shepherd, K. (2013, Feb 15). PTC Creo helps Santa Cruz Bicycles grow revenues in a downy economy. Retrieved from creo.ptc.com: http://creo.ptc.com/2013/02/15/ptc-creo-helps-santa-cruz-bicycles-grow-revenues-in-a-down-economy/
1. "Dangerous Designer Drug Packs a One-two Punch." - VCU Center for Clinical and Translational Research. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Nov. 2013
Bettelheim, Frederick, William Brown, Mary Campbell, and Shawn Farrell. Introduction to General, Organic, and Biochemistry. 9th ed. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning, 2010. Print.
Monomers that are combined by condensation polymerization have two functional groups. A carboxylic acid and an amine can form an amide linkage, and a carboxylic acid and an alcohol can construct an ester linkage. So as each monomer has two reactive sites, they can form long chain polymers by making multiple amide or ester links and releasing a small molecule. Examples of the mentioned mechanism are illustrated below.
In 1903, William Harley (age 21), a draftsman, and his friend, Arthur R. Davidson, began
This report examines the Harley-Davidson phenomenon. From near bankruptcy to double-digit growth every year, Harley-Davidson has something working for them. That something is called ”strategic planning and development.” With the growing global economy, companies are looking for ways to improve their market share. Many excellent firms have learned how to beat their competitors through the implementation of new management, marketing, and/or manufacturing techniques. Harley-Davidson is one of those excellent companies whom has challenged traditional ideas. This report will identify those strategies that have worked and brought the company and its shareholders success each year.
My enthusiasm in science highly interests me into learning about the production of drugs and their functions on the body.
I have come to love bicycles in the course of the past year. I am especially fond of mountain bikes, including my own. Riding it opens up a whole new world of opportunities and challenges for me. I am still fairly fresh to the whole mountain biking scene, so I push myself to become better with more experience. Riding is an outlet; it is something I can channel pent up energy through. I love the sport because it is a full body, soul, and mind experience that affects all five of the senses.
Cycling is the best way to get in shape, enjoy the outdoors, and have fun while you’re doing it. Unfortunately, many people think bicycles are for kids and often overlook the positive physical and psychological health benefits of cycling. If you ride bike for thirty minutes every day, you would burn eleven pounds of fat in a year, build lean muscle, boost your metabolism, and dramatically decrease your chances of acquiring heart disease. The immediate physical results of cycling will boost your self-esteem and you’ll find yourself wondering why you didn’t start pedaling down the road to good health sooner.
The Importance of Organic Chemistry in Medicine. (n.d.). The Importance of Organic Chemistry in Medicine. Retrieved February 15, 2014, from http://www.cbv.ns.ca/bec/science/lynnmcm.htm