Arthropods are in the kingdom Animalia which is in the subphylum Arthropoda. A species can be classified as an Arthropod if they have an exoskeleton, a coelom, and if they are mostly dioecious. An “ exoskeleton is an external skeleton made of chitin. [A] coelom is fluid filled cavity between organs and body wall” (Babin,2017). Examples of Arthropods are: spiders, ticks, millipedes, and centipedes. The objective of this experiment was to find Arthropods and test. Different habitats were established to see which will produce a greater amount of Arthropod. It was believed that the Arthropod diversity of a shaded area will be more that that of an area near a canal. The shaded area would have more arthropod diversity because more plants would be around it. Since there will be leaves and trees, plant diversity will be greater. Also, having “ plant diversity can positively affect arthropod{s}” ( Bennett and Gratton, 2013) because there will be more arthropods to utilize.
Materials used for this experiment includes 8 plastic cups, 8 ziplock bags, and rubbing alcohol. The plastic cups and ziplock bags were numbered from one through 8. The cups were placed in two different habitats; four cups in each habitat. The first habitat was near a canal and the second habitat was under a tree. In the first habitat, a six-inch hole were dug and cup one was
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placed inside the hole so the top could barely show. About two feet away from cup one, another six-inch hole was dug up and cup two is placed inside, so the top of the cup was flush with the ground. This was then repeated two more times until all four cups were placed in habitat one. In the second habitat under the tree, holes were dug so the cup would barely show (about a six-inches deep and so it would appear that the ground just has a natural opening). Just like the second habitat, about two feet away from one cup 5, cup 6 was placed. This was then repeated two more times until cup 8. The cups in both habitats should be lined up in a straight line. Also, in both habitats two ounces of green rubbing alcohol was added. All the cups were checked and emptied into a ziplock bags about every other day.Another two ounce of Alcohol was added to all the cups after they were emptied. The ziplock bag was placed inside of a house until identification. After the Arthropods were collected they are identified. To identify the Arthropods, the Key to Common Orders of Pitfall Invertebrates by Michael Draney, 1996 was used. Each numbered ziplock bag were identified individually. To identify the arthropods, a ziplock bag was placed under a microscope and the common order sheet was used. Start on question number one and continue until identifying the arthropods be identified any further. Habitat one, had thirty-two individual Arthropods.
Most of the species from habitat one are Diptera. There was a total of thirteen Diptera’s in habitat one. Cup one had the least amount of individual species with four. Habitat two had more individual species than habitat one. There was a total of seventy-nine species from habitat two. Like in habitat one most of of the arthropods from habitat two were Diptera. The was a total of eighteen Diptera’s in habitat two. Cup six had most of the Diptera’s with thirteen. Orthoptera was second in the number of individuals with sixteen. Orthoporea’s are crickets and
grasshoppers. The t-value for abundance was 0.15921 and the null hypothesis was accepted. The t-value for richness was 2.52982 and the null hypothesis was rejected . The t-value for evenness was 0.77653 and the null hypothesis was accepted. Muniba was responsible for collecting the arthropods in both habitats. She did a great job. Alana was responsible for the statistical information. When the arthropods was being identified she wrote the name of the Arthropods from each cup. She also did a great job. Jasmyn,Kristin, and Samy identified the Arthropods.They also did a great job.
We observed Sowbugs in multiple environments to determine which environment they preferred. The observational chamber was a rectangle box split equally in half. One side of this rectangle was filled with dry sand that had been heated for five minutes by a lamp, and the other side was filled with damp soil that did not receive the lamp heat. We placed each sowbug on the middle boarder of the cool, damp soil and the hot, dry sand. We each chose one sowbug to track, and made a record of its placement each minute for five minutes total. We repeated this process three times. After each repetition, we removed the sowbugs, and replaced them with new sowbugs to observe. After this observation, we shared, and recorded our results. The sowbugs spent
The unknown bacterium that was handed out by the professor labeled “E19” was an irregular and raised shaped bacteria with a smooth texture and it had a white creamy color. The slant growth pattern was filiform and there was a turbid growth in the broth. After all the tests were complete and the results were compared the unknown bacterium was defined as Shigella sonnei. The results that narrowed it down the most were the gram stain, the lactose fermentation test, the citrate utilization test and the indole test. The results for each of the tests performed are listed in Table 1.1 below.
Bess beetles range in size all the way from 21 millimeters to 80 millimeters. The beetles are named after the French word baiser, which means “to kiss”, due to the fact that they often make a smooching sound with their legs. They have a small horn that protrudes from their head, and use their antennae to drive them forward when experiencing new smells. Though the beetles may look quite menacing, they are surprisingly docile. They enjoy feasting on rotten wood, moss, and adult beetle fecal matter after it has been partially digested by bacteria. A scientific experiment was conducted to test these beetle’s pulling power in relation to their mass. The hypothesis stated,
Outline the physical similarities between the (Blaptica dubia) cockroach and the cricket. Explain previous studies on physical stress in the cricket and in different species of cockroaches. Briefly discuss how the metabolic rate between the two species has been found to be very similar.
Thyroid and metabolism hormones play a large role in the daily lives of all living species. Thyroid hormones regulate the metabolism and the metabolism is responsible for maintaining a specific range for the biochemical reactions that occur in the body (Martini 2014). The most important hormone for metabolic maintenance is thyroxine (T4). This hormone also plays a large role in body heat regulation. It is produced by the pituitary gland and secreted by the thyroid gland. The thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) must trigger the thyroid stimulating hormones (TSH) to release thyroid hormones to the thyroid gland. These hormones are under control of the hypothalamus, or main neural control center. Propylthiouracil (PTU) is a medication used to treat
The next topic for discussion in this paper is ecology. This will include, preferred habitats and interactions with abiotic and biotic elements of the environment.
The titmouse is a small songbird that searches acrobatically for insects among foliage and branches. The tufted titmouse, also known by their scientific name of baeolophus bicolor, is a widespread species from North America. Because the species is so widespread, it can be assumed that the species is not limited by the biotic and abiotic factors that other species are limited by. The titmouse eats only insects in the summer, including caterpillars, beetles, ants, wasps, stink bugs, and treehoppers; they also eat seeds, nut, and berries. However, every population, or a group of individuals of a single species living in the same general areas, is limited by a carrying capacity, or the maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain. At one point, the biotic or abiotic factors will limit the dispersion and dispersal of the
Introduction: In this lab we are testing if pillbugs will ball up the more they are in danger.
Scientists are continuously performing experiments testing the validity of hypotheses that derive from the core of evolutionary theory. Oliarus Polyphemus, the subterranean insect lineage that lives in lava tube caves on Hawaii Island, is ideal for studying the effects of natural selection and genetic drift. Known as Hawaiian cave planthoppers, these obligate cavernicoles live in the Hawaiian archipelago, which is subject to frequent volcanism and rapidly changing landscape dynamics. This leads to interconnected systems of lava tube caves and provides for a very unique environment. Hawaiian cave planthoppers are unique in that the different species in this lineage all live in extremely similar environments, but show strong differentiation in behavioral and morphometric characteristics.
In creating the Paine killer Spider, the Eco Beaker simulator proved to be a easy and useful way of a conducting the experiment. By randomly selecting parameters for the spiders' eyesight, speed, and reproduction the Spider Division was we able to come up with numbers that would stabilize the ecosystem and allow for the genetically produced spider and aphids to live together harmoniously. In a matter of hours the Spider Division was able to come up with a set of parameters for the Paine Killer Spider that would allow for perfect biological control. While there could be numerous different combinations that could work for the different parameters, the Spider division found that the Paine Killer Spiders' parameters should be set at; 1 meter for sight; 1.
The confused flour beetle, Tribolium Confusum is an organism that is approximately 4.35mm in body length and is made up of three sections, the prognathous head, rounded abdomen and a straight sided thorax, which are flat, shiny, elongated and rigid, reddish brown (Stuart M Bennett 2003). This beetle consists of two segmented antennas at the front of its body along with two small dark colored notched eyes, separated by more than three eye diameters, which allow the beetle to identify small disturbances and escape from predator (Stuart M Bennett 2003). The antenna’s consists of segments that grow from the bottom all the way till the tip, forming a club of four segments and are used to help Tribolium Confusum in sensing its surroundings (Stuart M Bennett 2003). This confused beetle has six legs; three separated equally on each side of the body, which allow it to easily maneuver through grain products. The forelegs are there for traction and the middle and hind legs are for propulsion (A Sokoloff 1972). Tribolium Confusum has well developed wings hidden under its elytra but has never been seen flying (Anon 2009). Its forewings are rigid and hind wings are membranous and folded (S.S Lal 2009).
Merchant, M. Insects in the City. Texas A&M Agrlife, 14 Aug. 2012. Web. 10 Nov. 2013.
Zhang, S., Zhang, Y. and K. Ma. 2012. Disruption of ant-aphid mutualism in canopy enhances the abundance of beetles on the forest floor. PLoS ONE 7(4):1-5.
Arthropods are animals belonging to the phylum Arthropoda, which is the largest of all phyla in the Animal Kingdom, with more than one million species, making them almost 80% of the whole kingdom. These include insects, arachnids, crustaceans and many more, most of which are quite small, the biggest being the Japanese Spider Crab with a leg span of 3.5 meters and the smallest being the microscopic Plankton.
Insects are the most diverse group of organisms on the planet. They occupy most of the habitat in the world. Insects have served as a model group of organisms for tackling many biological queries. Butterflies (Class: Insecta; Order: Lepidoptera) have been used as a model for studies on ecology, development and population dynamics. Most of the species are highly seasonal and some have very restricted habitats. Butterflies are good indicators of climate and help us understand fluctuations in seasonal changes. They require specific ecological conditions for their growth and development. Monitoring butterflies helps us understand the overall diversity of a habitat as they are directly dependent on other factors such as availability of host plants and nectar plants. They also play a very significant role in