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Causes and effects of the arab spring
Causes and effects of the arab spring
The causes and effects of the Arab spring
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Since December 2010, demonstrations and protests spread across countries in North Africa and the Middle East. The protests started in Tunisia, following Mohamed Bouazizi’s self-immolation in protest of ill-treatment and police corruption (Salih 2013:184), and quickly spread throughout the Arab world. These pro-democracy movements, collectively called the Arab Spring, rose up against the dictatorial regimes and corrupt leaders that had ruled for decades in some cases. In the major sites of the popular uprisings, political conditions remain unsettled or violent (Dariwsheh, 2014). Despite similarities in their original opposition to authoritarian rule, the outcomes differed from country to country. In Tunisia and Egypt, processes of transition
The international community intervened in Libya and Syria. The latter changed the dynamics of the international politics. The escalation of tensions between Turkey and Russia, and the disagreement among the European Union over the issue of Syrian refugees are all tied to the onset of the Arab Spring. Following the uprising several countries in the region like Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and Jordan increased cooperating with each other in preventing protests, which is another sign of a change in the regional relations among states. The Arab Spring caused a major turmoil and change, but to a very different degree depending on the country. Whereas Gaddafi was overthrown, Yemen’s president resigned, and Bashar-Al Assad is still in
Thus, the Arab Spring is a remarkable case of how civil protests and demands for political reforms can quickly spread from one country to a whole region. The phenomenon is a highly relevant case for democratization or democratic transition and a catalyst of change in the dynamics of the international relations. A study of the internal and external variables causing the divergent outcomes of the Arab Spring presents a vital opportunity for augmentation of scholarship on transition and an empirical avenue to test, modify, and perhaps falsify existing theories in comparative politics and international
Constitution is an idea whose earliest origins date back to King John’s Magna Carta. They are, in essence, the basic legal framework of state and society. Sovereign states are declared and revolutionized through the drafting of constitutions, and through their constant evolution and ephemeral nature, seek to reflect humanities transient social tendencies. As such, prevalent dichotomies emerge between the constitutions of nations alongside striking similarities. Such is the case with Canada and Egypt. This paper will parallel the Canadian and Egyptian constitutions in order to compare the similarities and differences between conceptions of individual rights, institutions of government, principles and objectives, and sovereignty
The Middle Eastern has developed a lot of economic success with the authoritarianism government they’ve established. To some people, if they are economically stable, they’re willing to endure the hardships of being lead under a dictator. Countries like Bahrain and Saudi Arabia are flourishing in the oil business, which keeps them wealthy and involved in international relations. To the citizens of the Middle East, this makes their country look powerful because even with the Western’s opposing ideologies, they’re still working with the Middle East. This is sending the wrong message because even though the western countries have to cooperate and show political support with the Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and other Middle Eastern countries. Situations like these give the citizens a positive outlook of how their country is being conducted and support their governme...
· I Mohammed Reza Shah Pahlavi who came to receive the throne from his father who abdicated the throne. The Iranian Hostage Crisis started with US and Iran’s relationship and the beginning of Pahlavi’s dictatorship.
Across the world there are countless religions, new and old, each having their own unique traditions and laws that believers abide by. As defined by World History, Sharia, the Arabic word meaning “the path” or “the way”, alludes to traditional Islamic law. (Ellis, Esler, and Beers, 255) Sharia originates within the Koran, the holy book of Islam, which Muslims consider the unaltered word of God. Along with the Koran, Sharia is derived from the teachings and examples set by the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, who Muslims view as the perfect man of faith. Muslims believe that God revealed his true conviction to Muhammad, who in turn was to spread the commands of God through the Koran. Between Muhammad’s death in the seventh century and leading up to the tenth century, many Islamic scholars worked to understand Sharia in its entirety, and apply it to the rapidly expanding Muslim Empire of the time (Dunn, 57). Sharia played a key role in uniting the Islamic Empire by serving as the precedent which dictated laws concerning both private and public behavior.
Early 2011 uprisings swept across the Middle East and North Africa, and many rebellions are still going on today. The Arab region has seen revolts and conflict since the 1800‘s, but only recently have these revolts been redirected to the problems of Arab society (Ghannam, J. 2011 pg 4-5)The Arab Spring Uprising was first sparked in Tunisia and eventually struck Algeria, Jordan, Egypt, Yemen and then spread to other countries. Citizens throughout these countries were dissatisfied with the rule of their local governments. Issues like human rights violations, political corruption, economic decline, unemployment, extreme poverty, dictators...
John F. Kennedy once said, “Those who make peaceful revolution impossible will make violent revolution inevitable (Good Reads, 2014).” This wise quote sums up the Libyan conflict perfectly. The people of Libya peacefully protested against the Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi who violently retaliated and this led to what the world now refers to as the Libyan conflict. This conflict was one of the many that were apart of the chain of uprisings that spread across the Middle East by civilians trying to gain freedom from their governments. These uprisings were known as the Arab Spring. The Arab Spring started in Tunisia when a man set himself on fire in front of a government building in protest to the actions of a policewoman toward him . Egypt, Syria, Yemen, and other nations such as Algeria, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Morocco and Oman all had uprisings and protests related to the Arab Spring. The Libyan conflict started in February of 2011 as a result of the brutal rule of Gaddafi toward his people. The violence that the Gaddafi government was committing toward the Libyan people made the world turn against the government. Due to the fact that the rebels were out-gunned and unorganized, the support of the UN Security Council greatly helped them. After eight months of fighting and approximately 25,000 lives lost, Gaddafi was captured and killed and Libya was officially liberated from the absolute dictatorship of Muammar Gaddafi.
Andersen, Roy, Robert F. Seibert, and Jon G. Wagner. Politics and change in the Middle East: sources of conflict and accommodation. 9th ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1982. Print.
What is often called “the spark that started it all,” occurred on December 17, 2011 in Tunisia. A street vendor named Mohamed Bouazizi set himself on fire to protest the corruption of the government. (Arab Spring, 2013) The 26 year old Bouazizi sold vegetables on the streets of Tunisia to make a living. His self-immolation was brought on when his cart of vegetables was confiscated by a policewoman. (Abouzeid, 2011) Bouazizi then went to the provincial headquarters to complain to officials about his situation. However, they refused to see him. Angered at the way he was being treated, Bouazizi set himself on fire in protest. (Abouzeid, 2011) He was taken to the hospital and stayed there until his death on January 4, 2011. Bouazizi’s self-immolation caused such an uproar that even Tunisia’s dictator, President Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali, visited him in the hospital. Bouazizi’s mother, Mannoubia, said, “Mohamed did what he did for the sake of his dignity. He lives on, his name lives on. I am proud of what happened in Tunis, I am proud that he is known throughout the Arab World.” (Abouzeid, 2011) Bouazizi’s self-immolation had such a huge impact on Tunisia that Ben Ali fled to Saudi Arabia on January 14.
In those countries that have not experienced government upheaval, a common outcome of the Arab Spring has been sustained civil unrest, political instability, and the extension of political and economic concessions by leaders seeking to appease protesters. Many questions could arise as one contemplated those events. One of these questions would be: Why has the Arab Spring produced different results across the Middle East? This paper is a humble attempt to suggest some answers to this sort of these logical questions.
As the Arab Spring enters its second year, major uprisings and revolts have occurred all over the Middle East, pushing for an end to the corrupt autocratic rule and an expansion of civil liberties and political rights. Most recently, images from Syria have emerged, depicting the government’s use of force to suppress the voice of its people. One might ask, “Is this the beginning of a revolution? Is the country on the path to democracy?” To assess this question and examine the future trends in the region, one must look back on the country’s somewhat tumultuous history, the relationship between the citizens and the state, and the political economy.
Political uprisings in the Middle East, especially in Muslim nation states have placed Arabian politics back on the focus point of international politics. Political events in certain Arab countries had an excessive impact on the political development of other neighboring states. Resistances and anxieties within different Arab countries triggered unpredictable actions, sometimes sorely to observe and believe. The authoritarian governments of Arabian countries led from various dictators have created a precarious situation for their people, especially in providing national security and maintaining peace in the region. Jack Goldstone argues that the degree of a sultan’s weakness has been often only visible in retrospect; due in part to the nature of the military-security complex common across Middle East states (Goldstone 1). In addition, the existence of various statesmen with political affiliation is concerned in faithfulness of its armed forces. Usually, the armed national forces of several states, mainly those in Arab countries are loyal and closely affiliated to their leaders, which have a major role in state regimes. Arab uprisings in their early spreading appeared legally responsible and with concrete demands from representatives’ peoples, calling for a more open democratic system and reasonable governance. Even though, the system in which popular frustration with government imposes alters considerably from one state to another. These public revolts against different authoritative governments didn’t halt just in Arab states, but they sustained also in the Far East and in the Eastern Europe. Can we say that the popular uprisings in Arab countries could be attributed to the term of globalization? In fact, globalization is a multi...
Birth and death in the Arab culture has being one of the most interesting topics that is being discussed more frequently. When people talk or hear about the Arab culture they tend to think about different things about them like they are being considered as terrorist, they oppress their women and many things like that. But we tend to forget that this people, the Arabs are also human beings that they have normal day-to-day activities like people in the other part of the so-called westernized world.
The short story “Araby” was written by James Joyce and published as the last story in his collection of short stories entitled “Dubliners,” which concludes Joyce’s take on childhood adolescence (Barry). The story opens to the description of North Richmond Street in Dublin, Ireland, the narrator’s home. The narrator is a young, Catholic, Irish, boy that possess an infatuation of his school friends older sister. After a short conversation with his friend’s sister about the bazaar named “Araby” that is coming to town, he decides to win her affection by going to the fair and bringing her back a trinket. When he finally arrives at the bazaar, it is so late that the fair’s shops are closed or are in the process of closing.
What is ideology? How can it help us understand media? Use academic literature to support your argument.
Geopolitics is a branch of the social science paradigm which emphasises the inter-relations of nations as they seek to maximise territorial and resource control. It is a way of understanding the divisions of states on a plethora of levels as they engage in expansion, trade and conflict. The nature of geopolitics has timelessly been concerned with spatial limitations in relation to strategic decision making. The founding fathers of this academic discipline are Mahan, Ratzel, Mackinder and Kjellen whom each accentuate different elements of geostrategic consideration. However, Mackinder and Mahan are considered to render deeper resonance in the contemporary states system. Alfred Mahan emphasised the inherent value of naval dominance as a means for geostrategic supremacy. In contrast, Halfred Mackinder argued that control of Central Asia underpinned world dominance. Both theorists correctly addressed the pressing geopolitcal agenda of their respective contexts, however, the question remains of their enduring value in the contemporary geopolitcal realm. What remains to be considered is the true ability of these theories to connect with the increasingly transnational nature of modern governance and the way in which it seeks to overcome the implications of contemporary imperialism.