Chapter 4: Growth, Diversity, and Conflict New England’s Freehold Society Farm Families: Women in the Household Economy Women were subordinate to men (in all the colonies); expected to be silent around company and guests often did work around the house often had 6-7 children by their 40s (expected to give birth and raise many children at this times) Farm Property: Inheritance many New England immigrants sought to own land children of wealthy families received land when they married once married, women lost all property rights to her husband (did not matter how rich or how poor they were Free Society in Crisis as population grew, less land was available for children (this led to some people wanting t expand out west) farmers grew maize - …show more content…
corn was valuable and good for production (also fed people and animals as well) eventually, New England focused on livestock - pretty good industry will emerge Diversity in the Middle Colonies Economic Growth, Opportunity, and Conflict Tenancy in New York - tenant farmers had a hard time gaining land and wealth
conflict in the Quaker colonies - William Penn encouraged Quakers and Protestants to move to Pennsylvania - mainly advertised to Germans and other Europeans many immigrants became squatters - illegally settling on land eventually, the Penn family claimed Indian land near Philadelphia at first he paid them for the land, but he eventually just takes it - this leads to mistrusts and conflicts many earned a living as farmers and storekeepers - especially the Germans and other Europeans Cultural Diversity many immigrants married within their own ethnic groups Pennsylvania was by far the most culturally diverse colony the German Influx - Germans left Germany due to conscription (military draft), religious freedom, and taxes many became farmers Scots-Irish Settlers - Irish Test Act of 1704 - the reason why the Scots-Irish came to America only members of Church of England could vote in Ireland - Ireland was a big Catholic population so many were denied the right to vote many migrated to Philadelphia as they were lured by religious freedom (by William Penn in Pennsylvania) Religion and Politics by the 1740s, Quakers were a minority in Pennsylvania the Scots-Irish were hostile towards Indians (example shown later) Commerce, Culture, and …show more content…
Identity 2 major cultural movements impacted Colonial America - Enlightenment and Pietism Transportation and the Print Revolution roads developed slowly (in Colonial America) - costly and difficult to build information increases as transportation increased as more roads are being more built and waterways are used for transportation, the news traveled along those, increasing info
The Enlightenment in America (late 1700s to early 1800s) The European Enlightenment - stressed human reasoning and natural rights - by John Locke John Locke - Two Treatises of Government - “life, liberty, and property” - consent of the governed (people are giving permission to the government to rule) Franklin’s Contributions founder of the Pennsylvania Gazette Franklin was a Deist (was was Jefferson and others) Deism - belief in God but did not interfere in the world positively or negatively God created the world and “stepped back” - let people make their own decisions and not get involved American Pietism and the Great Awakening Great Awakening: religious revival heavily based on emotion New England Revivalism - Johnathan Edwards - was a preacher - known for his sermons like: Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God (God’s really mad and you’ll burn in hell forever) drew inspiration from religious movements in Europe Whitefield’s Great Awakening - George Whitefield - great orator traveled around the country and gave amazing speeches him and Johnathan Edwards (and many others) became “New Lights” new preachers that focused on emotionalism Religious Upheaval in the North “New Lights” - those that embraced the Great Awakening and
converted “Old Lights” - older preachers against conversions and emotionalism of The Great Awakening & emotionalism significance of the Great Awakening? undermined traditional authority - many “New Light” churches developed “New Light” colleges also developed - Princeton, Columbia, Rutgers challenge to authority would later influence the American Revolution Social and Religious Conflict in the South many Africans Americans and poor whites were left out by Anglican ministers The Presbyterian Revival - many converted in Virginia and other areas of the south diversity in religion (because of the different branches of Christian community) challenged tax supported Anglican-Church the Baptist Insurgency - focused on adult baptism - being “born again” (choice for adults to be baptized) Baptism appealed to African Americans; belief that all people were equal House of Burgesses made it illegal to preach to slaves without their owners permission - if you did it, you would be breaking the law The Midcentury Challenge: War, Trade, and Social Conflict (1750-1763) The French and Indian War conflict in the Ohio Valley - French built forts in the Ohio Valley - present day Pennsylvania and Ohio George Washington essentially started the war in Pennsylvania - gets into a little scrimmage with the French, gets defeated and comes home The Albany Congress - purpose was to keep Iroquois on the side of the British Franklin proposed the Albany Plan of Union - “Join or Die” (first political cartoon - meant that all colonies have to come together or they die) this passed at the conference, but rejected by colonial legislatures and the British - colonial legislatures didn’t want to pay taxes and lose identity; British didn’t want to give too much independence to the colonists The War Hawks Win - War Hawks - those that favor war - seemin War of 1812 & Vietnam Britain declared war on France → became a world war colonists could only be promoted so far based solely on being colonists The Great War for Empire after 9 years of fighting, Britain wins the French and Indian (7 Years’ War) France is essentially removed from North America, British taking that land - Indians were close with the French → they lost a valuable trading partner Pontiacs’ Rebellion (1763): Indian rebellion against colonists encroaching on their land, led to the British issuing the Proclamation Line of 1763 colonists fought for the land but Britain won’t let them go out west to the land where they just fought for - this sparks a conflict British Industrial Growth and the Consumer Revolution Britain experienced a consumer revolution that led to increased debt for colonists The Struggle for Land in the East more and more colonial farmers sought land near the Appalachian Mountains (would be an issue in 1763 - Proclamation Line!) Western Rebels and Regulators Paxton Boys - Scots-Irish in PA that massacred Indians The South Carolina Regulators - regulators demanded more fair treatment of colonists living in the western portion of SC, better taxes, more representation, etc. Quick Summary of Chapter middle colonies, especially PA, were ethnically and religiously diverse Enlightenment ideas changed society and encourage individuals to question authority (plays a large role in the American Revolution) The First Great Awakening created religious diversity and questioned traditional authority The French and Indian (7 Years’ War) removed France from North America and ended Salutary Neglect Paxton Boys and Regulators demonstrated tensions between “east” and “west” in their respective colonies
While the Protestant Revolution raged in Europe, Catholics and other radicals were fleeing to the New World to find religious freedom and to escape prosecution. Because of this, the northern colonies became more family and religiously orientated as the families of the pilgrims settled there. From the Ship’s List of Emigrants Bound for New England we see that six families on board made up sixty nine of the ships passengers (B). Not only did families tend to move to New England, but whole congregations made the journey to find a place where they could set up “a city upon a hill”, and become an example to all who follow to live by as John Winthrop put it to his Puritan followers (A). Contrastingly, the Chesapeake colonies only had profit in their mind, which pushed them to become agriculturally advanced. Since Virginia, one of the Chesapeake colonies, was first settled with the intention of becoming an economic power house, it was mainly inhabited by working-class, single men. The average age of a man leaving for the Americas was only twenty two and a half years old according to the Ship’s List of Emigrants bound for Virginia (C). The harsh conditions of the colony did not appeal to those who wished to settle with a family. Added on to that was the fact that the average lifespan in the Chesapeake colonies was a full ten years or more shorter than that in other more desirable living quarters to the north.
Women, like black slaves, were treated unequally from the male before the nineteenth century. The role of the women played the part of their description, physically and emotionally weak, which during this time period all women did was took care of their household and husband, and followed their orders. Women were classified as the “weaker sex” or below the standards of men in the early part of the century. Soon after the decades unfolded, women gradually surfaced to breathe the air of freedom and self determination, when they were given specific freedoms such as the opportunity for an education, their voting rights, ownership of property, and being employed.
A short background of how all of this even happened was due to King Charles II of England owing money to William Penn’s father because of a large loan he had with him. He gave it to William Penn because his father had already passed. He granted Penn a quite large piece of land west and south of New Jersey.The date of this offer was made on March 4, 1681. William Penn named the area Sylvania, which was Latin for woods. King Charles II then changed the name of the land to Pennsylvania in honor of William’s father. Penn being a quaker, had many ideas of making that land a place where anyone could come to worship their god freely. Being free to worship how they want, the English, Dutch, Welsh, German, French Protestants, Mennonites, Amish, Lutherans (from Catholic German states), and Dutch Quakers decided to head to that colony. Pennsylvania was confirmed to be William Penn’s land on January 5, 1681 and once that happened he started to sell the land, causing people to emigrate to his land. With Pennsylvania being about forty thousand square miles, he sold parts of the land for forty shillings per one hundred acres and one hundred pounds for five thousand acres.
William Penn, Quaker and founder of Pennsylvania, soon after wrote the Pennsylvania Charter of Privileges and Liberties, a constitution for the colony of Pennsylvania, which enabled the people to freely practice their religion of choice without fear of government punishment.
The King of England awarded William Penn a large amount of land in 1681 as part of a debt he owed to the family. The King called this area Pennsylvania. Penn sought to change the name of this region so that it was not assumed that he had named it after himself in vain. Penn was passionate about the believe system of the Quakers and established a “surprisingly modern atmosphere in an unmodern age.” Pennsylvania was well advertised toward potential new settlers and attracted many people. It was a society based on the freedom of worship, peacefulness towards Indians, no restrictions on immigration, and a dislike for black slavery. The death penalty was only used for treason and murder.
Amish may be found throughout the United States, however, the large majority of them immigrated from Switzerland to Pennsylvania. “The Amish church began with a schism in Switzerland within a group of Swiss and Alsatian Anabaptists in 1693 led by Jakob Ammann. Those who followed him became known as Amish”. (Amish, 2014) When the Amish settled in Pennsylvania they acquired a language of Pennsylvania German, also known as Pennsylvania Dutch. The Amish culture is a growing culture within the United States. The Amish were saved from extinction by William Penn who allowed them a place to reside from religious persecution in America. William Penn was one of the founders of Pennsylvania. He believed greatly in religious freedom and wanted to create a place almost like a refugee for people to be able to go to escape the cruelty that is bestowed upon different religions. Although it is thought that the largest Amish population resides in Pennsylvania, in reality, Ohio has the largest Amish population in the United States and Canada and currently there is no Amish living in Europe.
The Quakers, also known as the Society of Friends was religious group that founded Pennsylvania. William Penn, one of the leaders, worked with the Quakers, Indians and the other population to make an ideal world for him, his followers, and the other people in his environment. With his efforts, and the help of others, the Quakers left a huge impact on Pennsylvania and the entire nation.
William Penn was born in England and belonged to a wealthy family “possessed of wealth and status, which gave him almost immediate access to the halls of power in Restoration, England” (Moretta xii). I personally believe that the importance of status and wealth must have played a gigantic role in Penn’s life and his career. He lived a simple life and wanted the good of others, but knowing the status of your family would’ve generated something in his mind. He was a social individual and was liked by his peers until he was caught attending a Quakers meeting and arrested. His father left him homeless at the age of twenty-two and he started residing with the Quakers. He had to struggle in his early twenties but as they say; “with no struggle there is no inspiration.” He knew the consequences of attending the meetings but the interest kept him going. I believe this is when Penn realized the important things in his life and started to prioritize things that meant something to him.
The Puritan belief system has several guidelines that have been ingrained into the culture of the Massachusetts Bay area and its surrounding area. One of the first leaders of the Puritans was John Winthrop, and on the subject of his mission he stated that he wanted to create a “city upon the hill.” This “city” would be the beacon of example to others. The Puritans believed in model church communities and so religion was meshed with their everyday life. The Puritan religion was so significant, it needed to be taught to others, and so it was preached to other communities including the Native American population. The Puritans also believed in predestination and the power of good behavior, this helped in the overall countenance of the community. Although some of the surrounding colonies adopted various principles from the Puritans, others believed that the lifestyle was too harsh and thus rejected it. When the Puritan lifestyle did not prove successful, Roger Williams, a former Preacher of the Puritans, moved on to start the colony of Rhode Island. This new colony still held some principles of the Puritans but had much more freedom and leeway. Other colonies were influenced by the Puritans’ social structure either through adopting the Puritan principles or changing them to better fit the ideal
Both the Amish and the Mennonites were part of the early Anabaptist movement in Europe, which took place at the time of the Reformation. The Anabaptists believed that only adults who had confessed their faith should be baptized, and that they should remain separate from the larger society. Many of the early Anabaptists were put to death by both Catholics and Protestants, and many others fled to the mountains of Switzerland and southern Germany. Then began the Amish tradition of farming and holding their worship services in homes instead of in churches. In 1536, a young Catholic priest from Holland, Menno Simons, joined the Anabaptist groups, who were nicknamed Mennonites. In 1693, a Swiss bishop named Jacob Amman broke off from the Mennonite church. His followers were called the Amish. Although the two groups have split several times, the Amish and Mennonite churches still share the same beliefs concerning baptism, non-resistance, and the Bible. They differ in matters of dress, technology, language, form of worship, and interpretation of the Bible. The Amish and Mennonites both settled in Pennsylvania as part of William Penn's holy experiment of religious tolerance. The first sizeable group of Amish arrived in Lancaster County in the 1720s or 1730s. Since the early colonial days the Amish have lived in the United States preserving their distinctive culture, dress, language and religion in peace and prosperity.
The increased demand for land, combined with this new ability to purchase the land, led to a change in the demographics of settlement. Instead the close protected towns, they began to settle down in individual farms outside of the towns where they could purchase larger parcels of land for less money. This was a catalyst in the transition away from the church governed society and set the foundation for a society run by the
The ancestors of today’s speakers of Pennsylvania Dutch likely immigrated to Pennsylvania in the early 1700s. In 1709 especially, as well as afterward, there was a great rush of Swiss and German immigrants to the Pennsylvania area (Tolles, F.B., 1957, p. 130). The main reason for this sudden surge of immigrants is the want for both religious and personal freedom (Springer, O., 1943, p. 31). Because the pre-United States area was not under as strict rule, they thought of it as an opportunity to be able to display their faith somewhere without discrimination and persecution. The speakers of Pennsylvania Dutch are not even Dutch. Rather, it is a soft South German from Bavaria, also known as the Palatinate. The name “Pennsylvania Dutch” is derived from the German word meaning ...
Philadelphia, meanwhile, had changed drastically. It was considered to be one of the greatest cities in the world, with Quaker grammar schools open to all citizens. Though he did not promote abolition, slaves in Pennsylvania were required to be well treated. After many advances in culture and religion, Penn died with no money to his name in Ruscombe, England. His wife remained the proprietor of the colony after his death.
John Locke powerfully details the benefits of consent as a principle element of government, guaranteed by a social contract. Locke believes in the establishment of a social compact among people of a society that is unique in its ability to eliminate the state of nature. Locke feels the contract must end the state of nature agreeably because in the state of nature "every one has executive power of the law of nature"(742). This is a problem because men are then partial to their own cases and those of their friends and may become vindictive in punishments of enemies. Therefore, Locke maintains that a government must be established with the consent of all that will "restrain the partiality and violence of men"(744). People must agree to remove themselves from the punishing and judging processes and create impartiality in a government so that the true equality of men can be preserved. Without this unanimous consent to government as holder of executive power, men who attempt to establish absolute power will throw society into a state of war(745). The importance of freedom and security to man is the reason he gives consent to the government. He then protects himself from any one partial body from getting power over him.
no longer had communal rights to the land and had to look to the large