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Paragraph 3: trade routes
Timbuktu fell due the modernization of European trade and the invasion by Morocco during the 1500s. To support, document I summarized the monopolization of Portugal through the creation of caravels, which allowed explorers to export spices and goods along the coast of Africa instead of traveling through the desert. Furthermore, the decline of Timbuktu began with the inflow of portuguese traders, who used the mouth of the Niger river as a trading location which undercut the importance of Timbuktu on the Niger River. Furthermore, documents J illustrate the European voyages of discovery and routes of goods exchanged between European countries and India. Thus, proving that Timbuktu's decline was due to the lack of trade between Africa and the European countries, because India became the main source of goods and spices due to its accessible trade routes across the
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pacific and Indian Ocean.
Another contributing factor to the destruction of Timbuktu was the invasion by Morocco in 1591, which is illustrated through document F by comparing the map of Morocco from 1500 to 1600. Furthermore, the 1500 map shows moroccan rule without Timbuktu, while the 1600 map illustrates Timbuktu being part of Morocco. Shortly after, the invasion by Morocco, Timbuktu's scholars were arrested in 1593 on suspicion of disaffection, subsequently some were killed during a resulting struggle, while others were exiled to Morocco. To make matters worse, the small Moroccan army placed in command of the city offered extremely inadequate protection, and as a result Timbuktu was repeatedly attacked and conquered by the Bambara, Fulani, and Tuareg. Therefore, the lack of liberty, trade, and military protection,
caused the downfall of Timbuktu. Paragraph 4: Overall, the downfall Timbuktu was a direct result of its isolation and therefore lack of exposure to modernized weapons and technology, which allowed the invasion by Morocco in 1591. Furthermore, other civilizations can learn what not to do from the decline of Timbuktu. Specifically, to focus energy on the exploration of foreign lands in order to gain new knowledge and modernized ideas, along with training adequate numbers of military squadrons to protect the wealth, power, and peacefulness of their civilization from neighboring forces. In addition, today's cities should develop diverse and modernized industries, to increase the employment rate and population. For instance, the city of Detroit was built around the industry of American made automobiles around the 1960s, however as the demand for cheaper cars increased, Americans began to purchase cars from other countries. Therefore, the American auto industry suffered greatly, causing the rapid decline in population and wealth of detroit. Furthermore, building a city is a lot like building a bridge, meaning it requires several strong and sturdy support systems, however if a bridge is built much like the city of detroit with only one major support and that system begins to deteriorate, the collapse of the bridge and city is inevitable. Thus, in order for a city to thrive and prosper, they must be a hub for innovation, diversity, globalization, culture, economics, politics, art, opportunity, and family, along with being safe and structured so that people want to live there. Lastly, for a city to survive they need to avoid exponential debt caused by poor budgeting and management and getting caught up in local government and union negotiations.
Around the beginning of the sixteenth centruy, many countires had started to explore farther away and finding new territories. New products like sugar and taobacco began to emerge around the world in many places. Many countries in Europe were gaining power due to the control of colonies in the Americas. Asian countries did not explore as much, but still managed to remain large and powerful for a while. The global flow of silver had economic effects on inflating prices of goods and stimulating econimic policy of mercantilism, and social effects on negative effects on the lower class around the world during the mid-sixteenth century to the early eighteenth century.
Between 1450 and 1750, many majors changes were going on in Europe and South Asia. In Russia, strong leaders such as Peter the Great and Catherine the Great made various social reforms. In the Middle East, the Gunpowder Empires were flourishing and spreading Islam. In China and Southeast Asia, several power struggles occurred, as well as European trade starting. Although these changes affected society and created unity and conflict, religion being part of politics created both unity and conflict in Europe and South Asia through the Protestant Reformation and the policies of some of the policies of some Mughal rulers.
King Philip's War King Philip's War, 1675-76, the most devastating war between the colonists and the Native Americans in New England. The war is named for King Philip, the son of Massasoit and chief of the Wampanoag. His Wampanoag name was Metacom, Metacomet, or Pometacom. Upon the death (1662) of his brother, Alexander (Wamsutta), whom the Native Americans suspected the English of murdering, Philip became sachem and maintained peace with the colonists for a number of years. Hostility eventually developed over the steady succession of land sales forced on the Native Americans by their growing dependence on English goods.
Many of us complain about the tough hours we work or the amount of chores we have to complete, but think about the truly harsh conditions that young girls and women had to work in the textile industry with very little pay and no accolades. Back in the 18th century, when the Industrial Revolution struck, it made it hard for female mill workers to enjoy being employed. Due to the terrible working conditions, the amount of hours worked, and the low wages were a few of the similarities that the female mill workers in England and Japan shared.
The periods of 1200-1450 and 1450-1700 were polar opposites for a multitude of reasons but the most important reasons the two were different were, the invention of the printing press, the enlightenment, along with one man, Martin Luther. These three things changed the course of world history and brought upon a period that led to the updating of human nature at a previously unseen rate. They challenged what was though prior to 1450, and helped humanity to develop and expand. Without the printing press, the Enlightenment, and Martin Luther we would be living similar to the people of the time did, 500 years later.
In documents one and two they explain and evaluate the trading system and routes of the African empires, kingdoms, and cities. Document one shows the layout of the Aksum trade center and the routes which lead to and from it. Aksum is an empire located right by the Red Sea, its location made it an important international trading center. African trade centers mainly focused on the exchanges of salt and gold. Since the red sea ports are controlled by the rea sea and Aksum was located right by it, its locations made it the center of the trade center. However, in document two it describes the trans-Saharan gold and salt trade. The trans-Saharan gold and salt trade was controlled by the rich and powerful Ghana kingdom. The king had shields
Before the arrival of European traders, Africa had successful in maintaining complex civilizations. The cities of Timbuktu and Mali demonstrate this with their qualities. A Moroccan traveler journeyed to Timbuktu and described it as a land of “many doctors, judges, priests and other learned men, that are well maintained at the king’s cost. Various manuscripts and written
The Portuguese arrived in Benin, in modern Nigeria, between 1472 and 1486 to find an established and ancient kingdom with remarkable social and ritual complexity, with art that was comparatively naturalistic, and with a political system that was, on the surface, recognizable to the Europeans: monarchy. Even more importantly, they found a land rich in pepper, cloth, ivory, and slaves, and immediately set out to establish trade (Ben-Amos 35-6). Though we often imagine "first contacts" between Europeans and Africans as clashes of epochal proportions, leaving Europeans free to manipulate and coerce the flabbergasted and paralyzed Africans, this misjudges the resilience and indeed, preparedness, of the Benin people. The Benin were able to draw on their cultural, political, and religious traditions to fit the European arrival in an understandable context. Indeed, as the great brass plaques of the Benin palace demonstrate, the arrival was in fact manipulated by the Benin to strengthen, not diminish, indigenous royal power.
The modern world is linked through networks of communication and exchange between peoples. These exchanges between regions has changed cultures, economics, and politics. Through time the cultural influence between regions has consisted of many factors and elements but comes down to the spread of religion and religious teachings , movement of peoples, technological and cultural advancements affecting trade and commerce. Beginning with the Middle Ages in the years 1100-1500 , Africa, Asia, and Europe developed and influenced each other in several different ways. Starting with religion. The birth of Islam in the Middle East rapidly spread throughout Afro- Eurasia. Islam was attractive to people who were uninterested in the requirements of Christianity and the Church.
Imperialism is when a mother nation takes over another nation and become its colony for political, social, and economical reasons. Imperialism is a progressive force for both the oppressors (mother country) and the oppressed (colony), majorly occurring during the late 19th and early 20th century. It had more negative effects than positive effects due to its domination to other nations.
He decided to improve the status of his land on his arrival from a pilgrimage from Mecca in 1324. Furthermore, he transformed his trading city of Timbuktu to a center of learning and religion and built a mass, which set a new style of architecture in West Africa. “Caravans of Gold” underlines the importance of Timbuktu because it concentrated on African scholarship, politics, teaching theology, and Islamic law. Timbuktu was a significant place in Africa during this time because it became a market right after and made a profit for the region. Likewise, it was a religious, cultural, and profitable center whose people traveled north across the Sahara through Morocco and Algeria to other parts of Africa, Europe, and Asia. According to The History of Africa, “Because of his devotion to Islam, Mansa Musa strengthened Islam and promoted education, trade, and commerce in Mali” (Asante, 2014, pg. 135). It was a successful center for the trans-Saharan gold and salt trade and grew as the center of Islam. This statement launches the truth that Timbuktu supported Islamic values and knowledge because it was a city most well-known for the education of important scholars whose backgrounds were of Islam. Asante supports the fact that Mansa Musa was effective in reforming the city of Timbuktu and the trade in that area. Asante also states that “Musa did not forget the control of the gold and salt; it was fundamental for the
c. 8000 B.C.E. was the beginnings of agriculture also known as the Neolithic or Agricultural Revolution. Agricultural Revolution transformed human life across the planet. This event demonstrates KC 1.2: I.A because this led to cultivation of plants and domestication of animals that caused creating abundant amount of food supplies. It illustrates the interaction between human and environment, development of technology, settling patterns, and how natural resources gave some lands advantages over others. Agriculture developed independently at different times in different regions. Historians believe that the Agricultural Revolution might have originated from Middle East (ME), although they are not fully sure.
Throughout history, Europe stood out as a great power, and is responsible for the majority of the greatest revolutions in history. Despite the countless changes that were planned, and had succeeded or failed, they each had a similar motivator behind them. Europe began to thrive from the 15th century onwards, and motivations become clear as change is sought. Over the course of European history, changes were resisted when financial growth would be threatened, evident during the French Revolution and in both sides of Revolutionary era of the United States.
The immediate cause of the European voyages of discovery was the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks in 1453. While Egypt and Italian city-state of Venice was left with a monopoly on ottoman trade for spices and eastern goods it allowed Portugal and Spain to break the grip by finding an Atlantic route. Portugal took the lead in the Atlantic exploration because of the reconquest from the Muslims, good finances, and their long standing seafaring traditions. In dealing with agriculture, The Portuguese discovered Brazil on accident, but they concentrated on the Far East and used Brazil as a ground for criminals. Pernambuco, the first area to be settled, became the world’s largest sugar producer by 1550. Pernambuco was a land of plantations and Indian slaves. While the market for sugar grew so did the need for slaves. Therefore the African Slave start became greatly into effect. Around 1511 Africans began working as slaves in the Americas. In 1492, Columbus embarked on his voyage from Spain to the Americas. The Euro...
Writing was the most advance because it was a privilege. It could be used as a tool for power because that’s how laws was made. It could be used as a tool of power over some people because if they didn’t know how to write, you could get them to do something for you. The king or pharaoh could control that power. It does apply and does not because nowadays most people know how to write and the ones that don’t, other people will want something in return.