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Strengths and weaknesses of the diagnostic classification of mental illness
Evaluation of anxiety
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Anxiety Disorders Clinician ruled this out due to symptoms better explained by another diagnosis. Gabie’s obsessive thoughts are intrusive and not about real-life concerns, such as “the faucet dripping will overflow and harm a roommate.” Gabie has not reported any panic attacks. Major Depressive Disorder Gabie has been previously diagnosed with MDD by a previous psychiatrist and meets criteria in DSM-V for MDD. Therefore, MDD is not ruled out and would be co-morbid with a possible OCD diagnosis. Bipolar Disorder Clinician ruled this out, since Gabie has not reported a manic episode. Depressive symptoms better fit major depressive disorder. Other Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders Clinician ruled this out since Gabie’s compulsions
are not related to her body image and she does not report hoarding her belongings. Eating Disorders Gabie’s weight loss is better attributed to her compulsions interfering with her ability to prioritize time to eat. Also, her obsessions and compulsions are not solely focused on weight and food. Tics (in Tic Disorder) and Stereotyped Movements Clinician did not observe any tics nor stereotyped movement during time with Gabie. Gabie did not report any tics during assessment. Therefore, clinician ruled this out. Psychotic Disorders This disorder would be ruled out since Gabie does not exhibit nor report any hallucinations. The delusional beliefs are better explained by Gabie having poor insight. Other Compulsive-Like Behaviors Gabie’s compulsive behaviors do not bring her pleasure; therefore, clinician rules this out. Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder Clinician ruled this out, due to Gabie’s perfection traits lessened as an adult and not pervasive in all areas of her life, for example, Gabie reports being less controlling at her part-time job. Substance Abuse Disorder Clinician ruled this out since Gabie reports no use of alcohol or drugs, other than prescribed SSRIs.
This is due to the fact that you can be both manic and depressed, but not at the same time. Some key symptoms of mania are: sleeping very little but feeling extremely energized, grandiose beliefs about ones abilities, rapid talking, racing thoughts, increased goal oriented activity and inflated self esteem. In the documentary, Sam displayed all of the symptoms during his manic episodes. Some key symptoms of bipolar depression are: feeling worthlessness, sad or empty, thoughts of death or suicide, weight changes, sleep problems, difficulty concentrating, irritability, retardation and agitation. Sam displayed most but not all of these symptoms. He was feeling worthlessness, had thoughts of suicide, and had changes in his weight. More specifically, he gained weight during his depressed episodes. The main DSM-5 symptoms of bipolar depression are: depressed mood most of the day or nearly everyday, diminished interest or pleasure, significant weight loss or gain, insomnia or hypersomnia, psychomotor agitation, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, thoughts of suicide and diminished ability to think or concentrate. The main character Sam showed significant signs of weight gain when he was in his depressed state. He also showed signs of feeling worthless. During a sit down with the filmmaker of the documentary, Sam was telling him that he felt empty and that he didn’t have pleasure or interest in much of anything. Sam later on in
I agree with the diagnosis of major depressive disorder and borderline personality disorder that was given to Disco Di. The diagnostic features that accompany the major depressive disorder is disorder are the increase rate of
The DSM-V was very useful in aiding to diagnose Howie Mandel with obsessive-compulsive disorder. The diagnostic criteria listed in the DSM-V for this disease states that obsessions and/or compulsions must be present. In the case of Mandel, both of these aspects are present as mentioned above. Mandel displayed obsessive thoughts concerning germs along with associated obsessions to refrain from contact with germs and compulsions such rechecking locked doors. Another criteria is that these obsessions/compulsions be time consuming which I also discussed above. The several symptoms that Mandel displayed did not seem to fit any other disease listed in the DSM-V.
This disorder is a serious clinical mood disorder in which feelings of sadness, frustration, loss or anger interfere with a person’s everyday life. The exact cause of major depressive disorder is not known, however many researchers believe it is linked to chemical changes in the brain, problems with a person's genes, or a combination of both. It tends to run in families, but can also occur in those with no family history of the disease. As stated in the case study, Andrea’s mother and 3 of her siblings were diagnosed with serious mood disorders or alcohol abuse. Symptoms of MDD may include: irritability, difficulty with concentration, fatigue or lack of energy, feelings of hopelessness and/or helplessness, feelings of worthlessness, guilt, or self-hate, social isolation, loss of interest in once pleasurable activities, sleep problems (insomnia or excessive sleeping) and suicidal ideation or behavior. In more severe cases of MDD, patients may experience psychotic symptoms such as delusions or hallucinations. Andrea shows signs of many of these symptoms. She is having hallucinations of people being stabbed and being possessed by the devil. She is
Part of Melvin’s OCD is being germaphobic. Melvin always wore gloves and avoided contact with other people or animals. When he washed his hands, Melvin used a brand new bar of soap for each time he lathered his hands. Melvin would also lock the door five times every time he came home to make sure it was locked. Everyday
Generalized Anxiety Disorder, also known as (GAD) is one of the several types of anxiety disorders. GAD according to our textbook (Lahey) is an uneasy sense of general tension and apprehension for no apparent reason that makes the individual highly uncomfortable because of its prolonged presence. GAD is much more than the normal anxiety people experience day to day. Without provoking, it is chronic and exaggerated worry and tension. This disorder can involve anticipating disaster, often worrying excessively about health, money, family or work. Sometimes, though, just the thought of getting through the day brings anxiety.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder has been classified as a type of anxiety disorder under DSM-5, in which there is a presence of obsessions, compulsions or both. Obsessions are defined as “intrusive and mostly nonsensical thoughts, images, or urges that the individual tries to resist or eliminate,” while compulsion are the thought or actions that accompany these obsessions to try to suppress and provide relief. (TEXTBOOK) The obsessions are categorized into four major types, and each is linked with a certain pattern of compulsive behaviors.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is a disease that afflicts up to six million Americans, however all its characteristics are yet to be fully understood. Its causes, triggers, attributes, and variations are still unknown although effective medicines exist to treat the symptoms. OCD is a very peculiar disease as Rapoport discusses it comes in many different forms and have different symptoms yet have many similarities. One sure aspect is that it appears, or at least its symptoms do, out of the blue and is triggered either by stressful experiences or, most of the time, just appears out of nowhere. One example is a boy who's father was hard on him for being affected by the worlds "modern ways", the boy at a high school party tries LSD ( a hallucinatory drug), after that thoughts of whether his mind was dangerously affected by the drug. What seemed like completely appropriate worrying and anxiety turned into attacks of anxiety, he couldn't shake the thoughts that something was wrong with his mind. Essentially he had "his mind on his mind" constantly and that haunted his days his thought were as follows: " did the lsd do anything to my mind? The thought never went away ; instead it got more and more complicated. There must be something wrong with my mind if i am spending so much time worrying about it. Is there something wrong with my mind? Was this from the lsd? Will it ever get better?" (The boy who, J. L. Rapoport 125,126) Dr. Rapoport promptly put him on Anafranil (an anti-depressant, used for OCD, not marketed in the U.
Some symptoms of Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) are fear of germs, perfectionism, and rituals. When someone has OCD they are afraid of germs and might constantly be washing their hands or cleaning their room. Someone who suffers from OCD needs everything to be perfect and they might organize their closet by color size. Their rituals calm their anxiety. Certain rituals are things such as checking the stove a certain number of times to make sure it is off or tap their finger a number of times just because it makes them feel better. Obsessive compulsive disorder can be associated with other mental disorders that cause stress and anxiety, but it can be treated with cognitive behavioral therapy and medication.
According to the DSM-5, obsessions are defined by two things. The first is, “recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are experienced, at some time during the disturbance, as intrusive and unwanted, and that in most individuals cause marked anxiety or distress.” The second is, “the individual attempts to ignore or suppress such thoughts, urges, or images, or to neutralize them with some thought or action (i.e., by performing a compulsion).” Compulsions are defined by two things, as well. The first is, “repetitive behaviors (e.g., hand washing, ordering, checking) or mental acts (e.g., praying, counting, repeating words silently) that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or according to rules that must be applied rigidly.” The second is, “the behaviors or mental acts are aimed at preventing or reducing anxiety or distress, or preventing some dreaded event or situation; however, these behaviors or mental acts are not connected in a realistic way with what they are designed to neutralize or prevent, or are clearly excessive.” Some more criterions include that the obsessions or compulsions must be time-consuming by taking more than one hour per day, or causing major distress in daily functioning. Also, the disturbance is not better off being explained by another mental
The severe mood fluctuations of bipolar or manic-depressive disorders have been around since the 16-century and affect little more than 2% of the population in both sexes, all races, and all parts of the world (Harmon 3). Researchers think that the cause is genetic, but it is still unknown. The one fact of which we are painfully aware of is that bipolar disorder severely undermines its victims ability to obtain and maintain social and occupational success. Because the symptoms of bipolar disorder are so debilitation, it is crucial that we search for possible treatments and cures.
According to Sharp (2012), “anxiety disorders are the most widespread causes of distress among individuals seeking treatment from mental health services in the United States” (p359).
Within his lifetime, George has experienced multiple manic and depressive episodes consistent with bipolar I disorder. This diagnosis is possible because George has suffered from at least one manic episode; George has also experienced depressive episodes, which are common, but not required, occurrences in the disorder. The case study describes three different bipolar episodes and indicates that more have occurred. First, George experienced a depressive episode
Howard Hughes fulfills the DSM 5 criteria for OCD: The obsessions are repetitive and he tries unsuccessfully to repress his urges. His behaviors are compulsive and serve to reduce his anxiety. The obsessions and compulsions are time consuming. Additionally, they “are not attributable the physiological effects of a substance or other another medical condition” and “the disturbance is not better explained by the symptoms of another mental disorder” (Butcher et al., 2014, p.195). He also has symptoms that are characteristic of other disorders, such as bipolar I disorder and schizophrenia. He has bursts of energy and feels as though he could accomplish anything. He also claims that he can actually see the germs on his hands or faucets. The manic episodes and visual hallucinations are not DSM 5 criteria for OCD, rather they are symptoms of bipolar I disorder and schizophrenia respectively (Butcher et al., 2014, p.241, p.448). Therefore it is possible that Howard could have had OCD comorbid with bipolar I disorder with psychotic
Gooby. (n d.). Tish and Snooky’s Manic Panic N.Y.C. Retrieved March 17, 2004 from www.manicpanic.com