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Essays in betrayal
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Aaron Fuller, "Lancelot: The Knight of the Cart."
In the authorian romance "Lancelot: The Knight of the Cart" poet Chretien de Troyes depicts Lancelot as a perfect medieval hero. An epic tale of a knight who goes on a grand quest to save his beloved Queen from the evil grasps of a lustful villain. Lancelot risks life and limb just so he can reach his beloved, with love being the driving force of his determination. While everything stated leads the reader to believe Lancelot acts as the embodiment of a chivalrous knight, his constricted view for love is often detrimental to his well-being and knighthood.
Lancelot's entire quest functions around his love for Guinevere with most of his decisions being made on the basis of reaching
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the Queen. While Lancelot's love guides him it often leads him towards more harm than intended. Lancelot at one point almost falls out a window balcony "when he could no longer see her, he was minded to throw himself out and break his body down below." (Troyes 12). His action here foreshadows later scenarios where Lancelot loses his train of thought or reason while romanticizing about his Queen. Later during his quest Lancelot finds himself lost in thought once again as his "thought is so occupied that he neither sees nor hears aught else" (Troyes 14). His detached state involves him into an avoidable confrontation with a knight that could have been avoided, demonstrating how is obsession with love is leading him to harm, while displaying his imperfect heroism. Lancelot's actions throughout the story are always provided with him contemplating if it affects him from reaching Guinevere. His considerations whether to help a damsel or to abandon her while she is threatened to be raped shows his flawed heroism. Instead of instantly saving the damsel he considers the possibility of running away, going against the reputation he later garners in the book. Lancelot's reputation as the perfect hero and who is often celebrated for his actions as one of Arthur's premier knights.
However, he commits a complete betrayal against his King and the crown. Lancelot's romantic feelings toward Guinevere leads to both committing adultery which is highlighted as a betrayal to the king. As Kay is blamed for sleeping with the Queen he states "if I ever lay with my lady! Indeed, I should rather be dead than ever do my lord such an ugly wrong, and may God never grant me better health" (Troyes 72) showing that the act of adultery is looked down upon. The poem never directly states the crime is punishable or taken as serious as the way people view it today, but Kay's defense against adulterous accusations imply that the act is looked down upon. Lancelot's actions were guided by love and passion leading him to commit an act of betrayal to the King. As a knight he serves the King, Lancelot committing any act of against calls into question his honor as a knight. Lord Gawain and Kay both showcase a sense of urgency to defend the Queen but not for fulfillment of love and acceptance; instead doing it for the honor of the King. Gawain never presents himself to be riding for self-gain or for the fondness of the Queen. He never claims or contemplates as to why he is saving the queen other than to fix the mistakes made by Arthur and Kay. Gawain's selfless attitude is demonstrated when he accepts the offer to fight Maleagant on the behalf of Lancelot,
further showcasing what a true knight of honor thinks and acts. A feature often missing from Lancelot on his quest of love for the Queen. Lancelot's determination can be seen as genuine and passionate but, mostly involves him being destructive to himself and his king. Lancelot is a troubling and imperfect knight who bases all of his honor on the love he garners from Queen Guinevere. His utmost love for her often poses a disadvantage to his personal well-being and credibility as a knight of King Arthur's court. Whether it be self-inflicted harm or disloyalty to his King's sacred marriage, Lancelot's absolute loyalty to his beloved causes more harm than intended.
The love triangle of Arthur, Lancelot, and Guenever is a constant theme throughout every account of the Arthurian legend. Geoffrey Ashe's The Arthurian Handbook states that "We may say that these knights are expected to serve their King..."(81). The revelation of the affair finally comes when Sir Agravaine shouts, "'Traitor Knight! Sir Lancelot, now art thou taken'"(White 569). Lancelot was summoned to Queen Guenever's bedroom, and Sir Agravaine is finally exposing the affair and gaining revenge on Lancelot for unhorsing him many times in the past. The two people that Arthur trusts most are Guenever and Lancelot. Arthur is well aware of the affair between the two, but chooses to pretend that nothing is going on. Due to this naivety, Arthur earns the disrespect (and even hatred) of Agravaine and Mordred, who eventual...
Loyalty is what the the knights demonstrated to their king by being willing to go to battle for him and die protecting his kingdom. The knights are ready to drop everything and go to fight someone they’ve never met, the second King Arthur tells them to. This loyalty is so extreme and powerful, that Lancelot refuses to fight Arthur even after King Arthur Invaded his lands, he chose to wait until he could claim self defense in order to keep his honor as a knight intact. Launcelot is a perfect example of extreme loyalty, because he does not allow his love life to get in the way of the loyalty he has towards his King. This balance that Launcelot has between his love life and loyalty to the King is why Launcelot has the greatest reputation
...stops him from sleeping with Bertilak’s wife, only until his finds a way to avoid death does he goes against them. What Gawain learns from the green knight’s challenge is that instinctively he is just a human who is concerned with his own life over anything else. Chivalry does provide a valuable set of rules and ideals toward which one to strive for, but a person must remain aware of their own mortality and weaknesses. Sir Gawain’s flinching at the green knight’s swinging ax, his time in the woods using animal nature requiring him to seek shelter to survive and his finally accepting the wife’s gift of the girdle teaches him that though he may be the most chivalrous knight in the land, he is nevertheless human and capable of error.
Lanval, a handsome knight, falls desperately in love with a beautiful maiden, who grants the knight her love on the condition that he keep their bliss in full secrecy. Upon returning home, Lanval is confronted by Guinevere, who attempts to seduce him . After her initial advances are rejected, the Queen tries a new tactic, attacking Lanval 's masculinity: "I have been told often enough that you have no desire for women. Base coward, wicked recreant, my lord is extremely unfortunate to have suffered you near him. " By questioning Lanval 's worthiness to serve by Arthur, Guinevere is questioning Lanval 's very status as a knight, and once again we see a knightly protagonist put into a hopeless situation as many of his chivalric duties--- courteousness to the Queen, faithfulness to his King, honesty and loyalty to his lover, and defense of his own honor--- are forced into an unresolvable conflict. Lanval defends his honor and honors his King 's trust, but breaks his promise to his lover and grievously insults the Queen: "I love and am loved by a lady who should be prized above all others... you can be sure that one of her servants, even the very poorest girl, is worth more than you, my lady the Queen, in body, face and beauty, wisdom and goodness. " Lanval 's inability to simultaneously commit to all of his knightly responsibilities is comically underscored by his polite hesitation ("my lady the Queen") even
In the final scenes of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Gawain’s encounter with Sir Bertilak allows Gawain to perceive his own flaws, manifested in his acceptance of the Green Girdle. The court’s reaction to his personal guilt highlights the disconnect between him and the other knights of the Round Table. Gawain’s behavior throughout the poem has been most noteworthy; his understanding of his sin, one that many of us would dismiss since it was propelled by his love of life, enhances his stature as a paragon of chivalry.
Sir Gawain’s wrongdoing for taking the girdle from the Lady does not bear a consequence from the Green Knight, for he forgives Sir Gawain, as it was his human instinct to protect himself to take the item. In the short poem, the Green Knight is known to say, “I declare you purged, as polished and as pure as the day you were born, without blemish or blame” (Artimage 181). The diction in the phrase allows the reader to envision purity in the form of a human, resembling Sir Gawain. Sir Gawain is astonished, almost not believing the knight, and thanks him for the gift that led to his failing, saying, “God bless you for this gift. Not for all its ore will I own it with honor” (Artimage 183). From the tone of these sentences, the audience is receiving the vibe of happiness and overjoyment. This might be to cheer up the readers, for the main character almost died. Redemption is not worth much unless the fault is taught upon, so others will not make the same error as Sir Gawain. This conception is fulfilled when King Arthur hears of Sir Gawain’s adventure, honoring and showering his court with cheerfulness for the Green Knight’s redemption as pictured in the passage, “...and each knight who held it was honored forever,” and “...every knight in the brotherhood - should bear such a belt, a bright green belt worn obliquely to the body, crosswise, like a sash, for the sake of
In the Pearl poet’s Sir Gawain and The Green Knight, an epic talk emerges to reveal a man’s journey of honesty, morals, and honor. Sir Gawain accepts a challenge in place of his uncle King Arthur, with hidden tests and viable consequences. As Gawain begins his journey, he proudly upholds his knightly honor and seeks out his own death; however, Gawain gives into his human emotion and is soon distracted from his chivalrous motives. As a result of this distraction, Gawain is marked with a scar to show his dishonest and cowardly deception. This scar is a visible reminder to Sir Gawain that honor and prestige cannot always protect against the desires of the flesh. Gawain pays for his sins at the Green Knights axe (Stone 136). This sin tarnishes his honor and causes Gawain to face the rest of his life as a witness to human frailty.
A knight was not nothing if he was not seen to be brave, and Sir Gawain shows readers this from the moment he is introduced. Starting at line 343, Gawain begins to tell the King how it would be an even braver gesture if he were to stay, and Gawain, take the challenge instead. This was at most an act of bravery and selflessness, rather than one of pride. He states that if he were not a relative within the patriarchy, he would not be anything at all. Making a statement of this manner made the situation they were in a humbling one for just a split moment, all because he accepted where he stood. Two stanzas down, on line 370, Gawain is knighted and given “the blessing of God”. Once he was up to the Green Knight, the poet makes it known that there was “not one man afraid”. Yes, this could be seen as pride, but it could also be seen as bravery. Gawain did not have to stand up for his King, but he did because he was grateful for him even being allowed in the patriarchy, despite being related. His nobility showed he turned down the Madam politely. Instead of being rude, he denied her in a fair manner, just as she did, that made the Madam admire and desire him even the more. On lines 1268-1275 she depicts what she would do just to end up with him all over again, leaving Gawain in another seemingly boorish position. Although, through this whole encounter, he maintains a knightly composure and treats the Madam with
Gawain’s acceptance of Lady Bertilak’s girdle causes him to progressively lose himself internally in order to save his physical life. Gawain appears to be the perfect image of a knight, who exhibits himself as worthy and noble when he accepts the Green Knight’s challenge. Known to be “honored all over the world,” his remarkable valor and devout behavior define his character. He loses his honorable reputation, though, when he disrespects the honor of King Bertilak. Disgracing his knightly code, Gawain fails to exchange all of his gifts with the king and lies, without hesitation, to the king when he claims that “what [he] owed [King Bertilak] [he has] paid [King Bertilak]” (1941). Gawain directly lies to him without hesitation, proving that his conscience does not seem to be effecting his actions. Lying is a common action, but generally, it causes us to feel remorseful and guilty over our wrongs. Gawain breaks the code of chivalry that requires a knight to be loyal and honest, but he is not regretful due to his apparent selfish nature (“Code of Chivalry, 2 and 15”). He makes a deal with the king to “[trade] profit for profit,” yet he dishonestly “[hides] [Lady Bertilak’s] love gift” rather than honoring the king’s wishes (1677, 1874). Gawain makes a promise that he fails to fulfill. The girdle drives him to destruction because it pulls him away from what he knows to be good and
In order to satirize Gawain's courtly ways, the poet must first convey a sense of chivalric quintessence in Gawain toward the reader, only to later mock that sense of perfection with failure. This quintessence is created in part through the diction used to describe Gawain throughout the poem. He is described as "noble" and "goodly" on more than one occasion, giving the reader a positive perception of the poem's hero (405, 685). This sublime view of Gawain is further substantiated by his noble acceptance of the Green Knight's beheading game, in order to "release the king outright" from his obligation (365). Even among famed knights such as Yvain and Agravain, both worthy of exaltation, Gawain was the first to accept the Green Knight's terms. His acceptance of the beheading game when no other knight would allows the reader to assume that Gawain represents the most noble of Arthur's court. Lastly, even the...
In The Lais of Marie de France, the theme of love is conceivably of the utmost importance. Particularly in the story of Guigemar, the love between a knight and a queen brings them seemingly true happiness. The lovers commit to each other an endless devotion and timeless affection. They are tested by distance and are in turn utterly depressed set apart from their better halves. Prior to their coupling the knight established a belief to never have interest in romantic love while the queen was set in a marriage that left her trapped and unhappy. Guigemar is cursed to have a wound only cured by a woman’s love; he is then sent by an apparent fate to the queen of a city across the shores. The attraction between them sparks quickly and is purely based on desire, but desire within romantic love is the selfishness of it. True love rests on a foundation that is above mere desire for another person. In truth, the selfishness of desire is the
Lancelot is portrayed mostly as a love-struck man and not a very logical knight. From the first moment he is introduced, he is seen as someone sick from love. He will do anything to save his love, Gweneviere; even if that meant dishonor. When Lancelot rode on the cart, he was immediately labeled as someone bad. He pushed aside reason for love. “Because love ordered it, and wished it, he jumped in; since Love ruled his action, the disgrace did not matter.” (212) There seemed to have been nothing that could stand in the path of Lancelot.
Sir Lancelot, from the stories of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table, has become by far the most popular and well-remembered knight. Through Malory's rendition of traditional materials, we have inherited a character that has become the image of the quintessential knight. How is it that "the outsider, the foreigner, the 'upstart' who wins Arthur's heart and Guinevere's body and soul" (Walters xiv) has taken the place that, prior to Malory, was reserved for Sir Gawain? Malory has made this character larger than life. Of the grandeur of Lancelot, Derek Brewer says, "In the portrayal of Lancelot we generally recognize a vein of extravagance. He is the most obsessive of lovers, as he is the most beloved of ladies, and the greatest of fighters" (8). To achieve this feat, Malory has molded Lancelot to fit the idea of the perfect knight and the perfect lover.
Despite the fact that this lady was supposedly untouchable due to her status as “taken” this man or rather knight made it his mission to win her over or it was his mission to please her. This Knight would go to great lengths sometimes setting into long journeys, battling other knights and going into chivalric adventures in what is known as the other world. This knight or the courtly lover is like a slave to this passionate, romantic love for example in the tale “Le Chevalier de la charrette”, a courtly romance whose hero obeys every imperious and unreasonable demand of the heroine. A slave willing to put his own life at risk in order to show his love and passion for this one woman. For example, In “Lancelot, the Knight of Cart” Lancelot first part is a physical quest though driven by love, the knight tries to rescue Guinevere. However, once he finds her, he does not stop, he continued to quest in order to deserve her love. Even after they consummate their relationship in the tower, he must continue to do her bidding, suggesting that the quest for love never ceases. We see this untouchable love through his love and adulterous feelings for the queen, Lady Guinevere, this lady made untouchable through her marriage to King
Sir Malory once again makes us ponder whether this could be true after we witness Lancelot’s actions in “Morte D’Arthur”. Sir Lancelot’s heroism and constant response to King Arthur’s call of duty show us that he is chivalrous. However, once Sir Lancelot “slew Sir Agravain, and after twelve of his fellows” his chivalry was stained (p 444). The controversy of Lancelot’s chivalry is inflamed when his “love for Guinevere drives him into battle” and causes the “deaths of Sir Gareth and Sir Gaheris” (Harrington 67). Is the killing of several people justified by one act of chivalry? Sir Lancelot essentially “modifies his points of honor” in order to justify his actions.(Harrington 69) Sir Lancelot’s need to modify his code of honor in order to escape a predicament let us know that his character is at times