More handpicked essays just for you.
The effect of technology on the modern education system
The effect of technology on the modern education system
The effect of technology on the modern education system
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
A critical analysis of the four fundamental patterns of knowing in nursing is essential for nurses to be able to grasp the complicated nature of the nursing practice. Barbara Carper (1978) lists the four patterns of knowing as: empirics, esthetics, personal knowledge, and ethics or moral knowledge (p.14). The science of nursing is called empirics and the connection of art to nursing is referred to as esthetics (Carper, 1978, p.14). These patterns are four very complex areas of nursing that every nurse must consider in order to be as successful as possible in providing care. In this evaluation the author will discuss how these concepts affect present learning and practice. The first pattern to be discussed is the empirical science behind nursing as a profession. As technology advances with time, the need for organized data seems to increase as well. Carper elaborates, “The term nursing science was rarely used in the literature until the late 1950s. However, since that time there has been an increasing emphasis, one might even say a sense of urgency, regarding the development of a b...
Carper’s (1978) pivotal work of identifying nursing’s ways of knowing was a seminal work that laid the foundation for further analysis. Her ways of knowing have identified methods that have allowed the nursing discipline to further its own knowledge as well as the profession. Two other ways of knowing have emerged, Munall’s (1993) “unknowing” pattern; and also sociopolitical knowing by Zander (2011, p. 9) or emancipatory pattern (Chinn & Kramer, 2011, p. 5). Here these patterns are discussed through experiences in my personal practice.
Parker M. E., & Smith M. C. (2010). Nursing theories and nursing practice (3rd ed.).
According to Orem, nursing science is a practical science, in that knowledge is developed for the direct purpose of nursing practice itself (Barbara, 2011). The goal of nursing science is to look for an understanding of the actual realities that are concerning to nurses and the nursing practice (Orem, 2001). We can do this through both research and producing scholarly articles. “Nursing science is the science of which knowledge is developed for the sake of the work to be done” (Barbara, 2011, p. 44). Without the nursing science as the backbone of nursing, the nursing practice would seize to exist, or at least have difficulty staying alive. Nursing science offers nurses the knowledge, skills and competency to develop order and direction in their nursing care (Malinowski, 2002). Models of case studies, rules and standards of practice along with the various
The fundamental patterns of knowledge were first identified by Barbara Carper (1978), and included empirical, personal, ethical, and aesthetic knowing. According to Zander (2007), Carper sought to develop a holistic, individualistic, therapeutic model of practice which could be utilized to structure nursing education, and evaluate nursing practice. The addition of emancipatory knowing by Chinn and Kramer followed in 2008. These patterns of knowledge have shown to be very beneficial, if not crucial to the nursing profession. The purpose of this paper is to provide an in depth explanation of aesthetics, and its importance in nursing. A detailed scenario of esthetic nursing will be included. This
Since its establishment as a profession more than a century ago, Nursing has been a source for numerous debates related to its course, methods and development of nursing knowledge. Many nursing definitions and theories have evolved over time. Furthermore it is in a constant process of being redefined.
Burns, N. & Groves, S. K. (2009). The practice of nursing research: Appraisal, synthesis, and
This paper is a first attempt at forming and articulating my own philosophy of nursing.
Carper identifies four fundamental patterns of knowing that contribute to the structure of nursing knowledge and the promotion of safe, quality patient care, including empirics, esthetics, personal knowledge, and ethics (1978). According to Carper, empirical knowledge is knowledge of the science behind nursing practice (1978). With empirical knowledge, a nurse relies on the scientific facts she has collected throughout her years of education and experience and applies them to patient care in order to provide the best care possible. Knowledge of esthetics, according to Carper, is knowledge of the art of nursing (1978). Esthetic knowledge allows the nurse to rely on her perceptions and intuitions about what a patient really needs to creatively design and implement the types of care that will be the most effective and satisfying for her patient (Carper, 1978). The third way of knowing, personal knowledge, involves knowing, recognizing, and utilizing the role the individual self plays in nursing practice (Carper, 1978). Carper introduces the idea of therapeutic use of self, in which the nurse sees the patient as more than just an object that needs tending to and instead as another human being to form a relationship with (1978). Personal knowledge drives the nurse to think of how she would want to be treated if the roles were reversed, and motivates the nurse to engage the patient in every aspect of their care so they receive quality care that is tailored to their specific needs. The last way of knowing, ethical knowledge, is defined by Carper as encompassing a nurse’s sense of the right versus the wrong thing to do in a given patient situation (1978). A nurse has to rely on her moral intuition to make sure that every judgment call being made on a patient’s care are all ethical and in the best interest of the
This paper is about my experience not just in nursing but also in life that is applicable in the five ways of knowing, which are Personal, Empirical, Esthetics, Ethical , and Personal Knowing by Carper and Emancipator by Chin and Kramer and are defined by Brugger & Madison (2017) as:
In Nursing, there are four main fundamental patterns of knowing to follow. The first pattern is called empirics, the science of nursing. Next is called esthetics which is the art of nursing. The third pattern to follow is the component of personal knowledge in nursing. Last is known as the pattern of ethics, the component of moral knowledge in nursing. Each of the patterns are very different in their own ways. However, nurses should utilize all four patterns when making decisions and giving care to their patients.
The significance of the knowing patterns conveys that the structure of discipline that must be present for learning, does not represent the complete approach to problems, and/or questions, and that the knowledge of knowing can change (Barbara A. Carper, 1978). By knowing the restrictions, it helps change the process of learning and create new patterns. Conclusion The process of knowing in nursing is a complex process that involves four major components: empirics, esthetics, personal knowing, and ethics. Carper’s compilation of different theorist’s ideas on the fundamental patterns of knowing in nursing reviews what a nurse needs to know to provide the best care possible. It helps address patterns of knowledge that can and cannot be taught to a nursing student.
Empirical knowing is designated as the science of nursing and is expressed as scientific competence (Carper, 1978). A study was conducted to analyze the perception of nursing students when faced the process of death and dying (Silva Oliveira et al., 2016). It was reported that the students shared feelings of fear, sadness, and anxiety in relation to patient deaths due to their level of emotional immaturity and absence of academic preparedness (Silva Oliveira et al., 2016). My feelings of sorrow and grief were consistent with those of the nursing students conducted in the study. Gillan, van der Riet, and Jeong (2014) believe that the insufficient amount of content about palliative care in nursing textbooks is the main contributor to the incompetent
Based on the definition of nursing and the training of nurses, it is convincing enough to make the conclusion that nursing is both a science and an art. Since it is a medical profession, which requires heavy input from the study of biology, chemistry and physics, it qualifies to be termed a science.
Nursing is an advanced and evolving profession that requires knowledge which may be gained through evidence-based research, theories, clinical practice, and continuing education. Nursing knowledge is the foundation to provide patients with high-quality care to produce optimal outcomes. Knowledge development in nursing is centered around the care of patients, families, and the community. Knowing and understanding specific patient and patient populations is an essential consideration during the process of developing nursing knowledge. Mantzorou and Mastrogiannis (2011) analyze Carper’s Patterns of Knowing which include four patterns: empirics, aesthetics, ethics and personal knowing. Theories may also guide nursing knowledge to convey ideas
Unpredictable situations arise on a day-to-day basis for nurses. Whether it be in a hospital, clinic, or office setting, nurses have to have the knowledge and understanding critically think. Barbara Carper states (Carper, 1978, p. 23) “Such an understanding does not extend the range of knowledge, but rather involves critical attention to the question of what it means to know and what kinds of knowledge are held to be of most value in the discipline of nursing”. There are four ways of knowing concepts Carper describes, empirical, personal, ethical, and aesthetic. These four concepts are utilized daily, sometimes by instinct, or intuition. I can relate these four concepts with situations I have encountered working in the ICU or during my clinical