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The uses of medical morphine essay
The uses of medical morphine essay
The uses of medical morphine essay
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The affective extension of the sometimes-opponent process (AESOP) is a model that focuses on affection and sensory stimuli. The AESOP model has regulations on how the stimulus is to be represented hence showing how learning occurs either as a primary or secondary component. The theories associated with the learning process assume that experiences are documented in the hypothetical memory structure. This theory assumes that a stimulus whether conditioned or unconditioned has a response that could be conditioned or unconditioned. Pavlov carried out trials that exhibited that a dog would drool when it a bell is rung or when hungry. The sound of a bell or hunger is stimuli that trigger a response of salivating in the dog. Pavlov saw that both conditioned …show more content…
Pavlov saw that both the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli produced similar responses to indicate that the conditioned and unconditioned responses are the same. Pavlov saw that a conditioned stimulus triggers the same response as an unconditioned stimulus because the unconditioned stimulus initiates one brain part that has the role of handling the unconditioned stimulus. Pavlov also suggested that there is a connection that is present between the unconditioned stimulus brain center and the intellect center responsible for the unconditional response. A conditioned stimulus produces the same answer as the unconditioned stimulus because of …show more content…
Siegel carried out various experiments to show that conditioned and unconditioned responses are unlike. In the unconditioned stimulus, morphine was used to elicit analgesia that causes a decline in sensitivity to any form of pain. Analgesia is, therefore, an unconditioned response to the unconditional stimulus morphine. Siegel further showed that the conditioned response to stimuli applied together with morphine is hyperalgesia that is being highly sensitive to pain. Siegel observed that rats put under unconditioned stimuli, that is, rats that had morphine introduced in their systems showed higher latency to take their paws off a hot plate than the rats that were not injected with morphine (Bouton, 2007). However, when a light is introduced, the rats that were injected with morphine removed their paws more quickly from the hot plate than the rats that were not injected with morphine. Conditioning, therefore, could explain hostility in individuals who are under the influence of alcohol. Conditioning can further explain how drug tolerance functions and withdrawal symptoms that leads to drug addiction. Therefore with the use of morphine in unconditioned stimulus, the unconditional response is analgesia but in the conditioned stimulus coupled with morphine, the conditioned response is hyperalgesia. The conclusion is that the conditioned response and
The study by Watson and Rayner was to further the research of Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov was a Russian physiologist whose most famous experiments involved that of animals, specifically the unconditioned and conditioned reflexes of canines, in reference to salivation and conditioned emotional response. Pavlov demonstrated that if a bell was rang each time a dog was fed; ultimately the animal would befall conditioned to salivate at just the sound of the bell, even where food is was no longer present (The Salivation reflex). Watson and Rayner set out to further the research of conditioned stimulus response, with little Albert. ‘These authors without adequate experimental evidence advanced the view that this range was increased by means of conditioned reflex factors.’ (B.Watson, R Rayner , 1920).
Classical Conditioning was a phenomenon that a man named Ivan Pavlov explored in the twentieth-century. His work laid the foundation for many other psychologists such as John Watson. Pavlov’s idea came when he seized on an incidental observation. He noticed putting food in a dogs mouth caused salvation. However, the dog not only salivated to the food it began to also salivate to mere sight of the food, or the food dish. He began experimenting; first he slid the food presented the food by sliding the food bowl and blowing meat powder into the dogs mouth at the same exact moment. They paired it with a neutral stimuli event the dog could see but did not associate it with food (Myers, 2014, p.256). Food in the mouth automatically, unconditionally triggers the salivary reflex. Pavlov called drooling the unconditioned response and the food the unconditioned stimulus. Salvation in response to a tone is learned, it is conditioned upon the dogs associating the tone with the food it is called conditioned response (Myers, 2014, p.256). The stimulus that used to be neutral is the conditioned stimulus. I found it interesting and relating to everyday life because my dog often does the same. We keep his food in the garage so opening the garage door would be the conditioned stimulus. As soon as the garage door opens my dog begins to salivate which is the conditioned response. Whereas,
The birthplace of Aesop’s Fables originated in ancient Greece and is widely speculated to have been written by a slave named Aesop. Many critics over time have questioned the true original author of this book, however, they seem to agree that Greece is the actual geographical location of its birth. The specific version of Aesop’s Fables discussed in this essay started with a man named George Fyler Townsend, who began the process of recreating the book by translating it into English and publishing it in 1870. Townsend’s Aesop’s Fables represents a collection of translated stories that highlight morals above anything else, and these morals reflect the values that Townsend considered to be the most important to transmit from Aesop’s original version in Greek to the English-speaking people of his time.
He discovered classical conditioning after seeing how the dogs were stimulated to respond to their food and anything related to food such as the noise of the door or person coming towards them (King, 2016). He eventually conditioned the dogs to respond to a bell as it did when it was exposed to the food (King, 2016). Pavlov accomplished this by introducing a neutral stimulus, the bell, which is a stimulus that doesn’t result in a response like conditioned or unconditioned stimuli (King, 2016). Initially, in this experiment salivation was an innate response to food, but after the introduction of the bell, it became a conditioned response because the dog learned that every time the bell rang, its food came along with it (King, 2016). Consequently, making the bell a conditioned stimulus which is a stimulus that resulted in a response after many times that the neutral stimulus was presented with the food (King,
Pavlov's legendary experiments made more of an impression on the general public, than did his other contributions. For in the public domain he He is widely thought of as a psychologist, while his life's work was physiology. Pavlov's first independent experiments were pioneering studies which lead to the understanding of how nerves regulate the force of a heart beats contr...
Humans are social beings where the need for constant interactions is always revolving around them. Psychopathology creates crucial aspects which lead people to substance abuse. In an experiment conducted by Bruce Alexander and his colleagues, on rodents, concluded that psychiatric distress caused drug addiction. Alexander and his teammates set out to identify a cause of drug addiction, in which they experimented on two set of rodents; one group cage kept in isolation and the other in a replicate of an ideal rat park with social interactions. Both groups received a choice between consuming H2O or morphine water with sucrose. The caged rat almost always choose to consume the morphine water over pure water. In contrast, the rodents placed in rat park selected the pure water over the morphine water.
Stage 3: After Conditioning. Now the conditioned stimulus (CS) has been associated with the unconditioned stimulus (US) to create a new conditioned response (CR).” (McLoed. 2008)
Carey, Carrera, and Damaintopoulos (2014) state in their article that Pavlovian conditioning of drug effects is generally acknowledged to be a critical factor in the development and persistence of drug addiction. In drug conditioning the focus has essentially been on one type of Pavlovian conditioning, namely, delay conditioning in which the CS and drug UCS overlap and are temporally contiguous. In this paper, we will further discuss this theory and others in the relationship of Pavlovian conditioning and addiction in more detail.
Made famous by Pavlov, classical conditioning pairs a neutral simulis with one that produces a response to get a conditioned response (Ormrod, 2012, pp. 34-35). Pavlov experiments with dogs is one of the perfect example of classical conditioning, the other perfect example is Watson demonstration with little Albert and the white furry rat. In both demonstrations the neutral stimuli became a conditioned response. It important to note that in classical conditioning the learner is passive, absorbind and automatically racting to a stimuli (Papalia & Feldman, 2010, p.
Some may say that Aesop is infamous for the life he led over 2000 years ago and mostly for the hundreds of fables that have been attributed to his name since. Aesop’s fables have reached countless generations since he is reported to have been alive, and they continue to be a part of the lives of many. Not every fable, however, that has been linked to Aesop is his own original material. In actuality, there are many fables attributed to Aesop that, for a variety of reasons, couldn’t possibly be his own. In many ways the unclear authorship of the fables is at the fault of the storytelling tradition, many details are naturally lost and/or altered. However the storytelling tradition is also responsible for the survival of the Aesop Fables—if story telling didn’t exist, neither Aesop nor his fables would have survived.
Sometimes I try to flatter my mom to get something that I want. I will clean my bedroom, give her necessities, compliment her, or behave well with my siblings. Once my mom feels the love, I slowly ask the question that has been eating at me all day. Then BAM, she falls right into my trap, causing me to walk away like a thug. The theme of my story told is not unlike the theme and tone of “The Fox Outwits the Crow” and “The Fox and the Crow,” for in both those stories share similarities. This essay will compare the relationship between tone and the way the authors develop their theme of not to trust flatterers in both Aesop’s “The Fox and the Crow” and Cleary’s “The Fox Outwits the Crow.”
Ivan Pavlov developed a theory called classical conditioning which proposes that learning process occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. Classical conditioning involves placing a neutral signal before a naturally occurring reflex like associating the food with the bell in Pavlov experiment. In classical conditioning, behavior is learnt by association where a stimulus that was originally neutral can become a trigger for substance use or cravings due to repeated associations between those stimuli and substance use (Pavlov, 1927).
After a number of repeated this procedures, Pavlov tried to ring his bell by its own... ... middle of paper ... ... classical conditioning, and conditioned emotional responses, 2014. http://www.sonoma.edu/users/d/daniels/pavlov.html 8. Strengths and weakness, 2014.
From a young age to be heard the Aesop's fable, that the fox and the crow when the Aesop's fables leave and our impression is that the fox is bad, duplicitous; the crow vanity is strong. But as the growth of the age have to say once again read the fable, my view is different, now stood in the perspective of a more rational analysis of the causes of this story. Now read the story again, the fox has left a deep impression on me, I think he is very smart, he knows use each other's weakness is clever to reach own purpose, smart and skilled. His language is a lot of skill, how beautiful, he praised the crow to crow says his faults, this is a crow got a lot of vain and do everything to prove his perfect, so is the crow accidentally opened his mouth, the meat fell into the fox's mouth.
Learning is defined as a “process of change that occurs as a result of an individual’s experience” (Mazure, 2006). Researchers assume that the process of learning follows certain general principles, which were developed, into the general process learning theories. These include operant conditioning and classical conditioning which has been put forward by leading psychologists like Pavlov, B.F.Skinner and Thorndike. However, in learning, operant and classical conditoning are opposed by biological constraints that state that there are limitations to the theories. Some of these biological constraints on learning will be discussed below.