Humans are social beings where the need for constant interactions is always revolving around them. Psychopathology creates crucial aspects which lead people to substance abuse. In an experiment conducted by Bruce Alexander and his colleagues, on rodents, concluded that psychiatric distress caused drug addiction. Alexander and his teammates set out to identify a cause of drug addiction, in which they experimented on two set of rodents; one group cage kept in isolation and the other in a replicate of an ideal rat park with social interactions. Both groups received a choice between consuming H2O or morphine water with sucrose. The caged rat almost always choose to consume the morphine water over pure water. In contrast, the rodents placed in rat park selected the pure water over the morphine water.
According to Leshner, drug addiction is a chronic brain disease that is expressed in the form of compulsive behaviors (Leshner, 2001). He believes that drug addiction is influence by both biological, and behavioral factors, and to solve this addiction problem we need to focus on these same factors. On the other hand, Neil Levy argues that addiction is not a brain disease rather it is a behavioral disorder embedded in social context (Levy, 2013). I believe, drug addiction is a recurring brain disease that can be healed when we alter and eliminate all the factors that are reinforcing drug addiction.
Josh Boylan, Crawford County Coon Club President states, “Raccoons are one of the smartest animals”. As a veteran coon hunter, he has encountered numerous amounts of raccoon. Not only does he say that raccoons are one of the smartest, he also states they are one of the meanest animals that he has encountered in close quarters, “They will attack anything, they may get there ass kicked in some of the battles, but they will give it hell.”
He ran a series of experiments that he called Rat Park. The experiments led him to conclude that drugs like heroin and cocaine don’t cause addiction, the user’s environment does. Alexander constructed Rat Park with wheels and balls for play, plenty of food and a mating space, with 16 rats of both sexes mingling with one another. He tested a variety of theories using different experiments to show that the rat’s environment played the largest part in whether a rat became addicted to opiates or not. In the experiment, the social rats had the choice to drink fluids from one of two dispensers. One had plain tap water, and the other had a morphine solution. He found that the caged rats ingested larger doses of the morphine solution, more than Rat Park rats. The Rat Park rats preferred the plain water. Even when the rats in cages were fed nothing but morphine water and then moved to Rat Park, the rats voluntarily went through withdrawal. Based on the findings, the team concluded that the drugs do not cause one’s addictions. Rather, how a person’s environment feeds their addiction. Feelings isolated, lonely, hopeless, or a lack of control based on unsatisfactory living conditions is what make a person dependent on substance addiction. Alexander once said, " I f I lived like that in a cage, I'd get as high as possible too."(Duhigg 10) Alexander’s goal was to prove that drugs do not cause
Raccoons (Procyon lotor) belong to the Procyonidae (those who came before the dogs’ family). This highly intelligent mammal has a rounded head with a short nose, small ears, and a sturdy body with minimum-length, thick, grayish brown fur. Raccoons are easily identified by a distinctive pattern of alternating black and yellowish white rings around a large bushy tail. They are also identified by a unique narrow black face mask with two white patches above the eyes. The average length is 2 to 3 feet long (including the tail) and 12 inches high, weigh 8 to 22 pounds (heaviest in autumn), and live for 10 to 13 years. Females produce one litter per year, numbering from one to six kilts and averaging four to five.
The biopsychosocial model of addiction theorizes that crossing biological, psychological and social and systemic properties are essential features of health and
Having a special place is like having an invisible friend. It means the world to you, but nothing to the guy next door. It is not so often I get an opportunity to sit down and really see what is out there. I am able to sit in my special area in total peace and quiet for as long as I choose to do so. Anyone with noisy roommates knows just what I am talking about. Peace and quiet with kids in the house is extremely limited and you will usually do anything to be able to enjoy the silence. Having a place of my own is very special. It allows me to do the vast amounts of activities that I am not able to do in normal everyday life such as reading, thinking, and just being alone.
The multi-causal model of drug abuse takes into account social and individual causes of addiction, both distant and immediate, that lead to a disposition to using drugs, drug use and the social and individual consequences. Why a person becomes addicted to drugs or alcohol is different for everyone. Some are genetically predisposed, some learn it from their environment (i.e. family or friends), and still others use it to avoid a trauma they have experienced. The case history describes a client that had both social and individual causes for her alcohol use and subsequent dependence.
McCrady, B S., Epstein, E., Cook, S, Jensen, N K., Ladd, B O.; (Sep, 2011). Psychology of Addictive Behaviors; Vol 25(3); 521-529. Doi: 10.1037/a0024037
The black rat is nocturnal, notwithstanding, it may become more active in the day in undisturbed areas. It is an omnivore, but haves a tendency to prefer plant matter such as fruits and seeds, although they will feed on insects, carrion, refuse and feces. On Lundy Island these rats feed on crabs along the shore. This rat lives in groups called 'packs ', consisting of several males and two or more dominant females. They’re skilled in climbing and can also swim very well. Nests are constructed from grass and twigs, often in roof spaces, a habit which earned the species the further common name of 'roof rat '. Breeding takes place between March and November; 3 to 5 litters can be produced in a year, each litter containing 1-16 young (although
The most commonly abused substances are Nicotine, Inhalants, Alcohol, Cocaine, Amphetamines, Prescription medications, Heroin, Ecstasy and Marijuana. 1a(National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2011) Initially, a person may find themselves using substances voluntarily and with confidence that they will be able to dictate their personal use. However, over the period of time that drug use is repeated, changes are taking place throughout the brain, whether it is functionally or structurally. Drugs contain chemicals that enter the communication system of the brain and disturb the way in which nerve cells would typically send, receive, and process information. The chemicals within these drugs will cause a disruption to the communication system by either imitating the brain’s natural chemical messengers or by over-stimulating the brains “reward system” by sending mass amounts of dopamine. As an individual prolongs his or her use of these substances, they may develop an addiction.
The social behaviour of the house mouse is not rigidly fixed into species-specific patterns but is instead adaptable to the environmental conditions, such as the availability of food and space.[24][25] This adaptability allows house mice to inhabit diverse areas ranging from sandy dunes to apartment buildings.[24]
... discussing whether either environmental or biological factors propose a more significant influence regarding substance abuse, it is clear that biological factors are significantly more influential.
The weight of the sloth has evolved over time helping them to adapt to life in the trees. The sloth is also the world’s slowest mammal, so slow that algae grows on its furry coat. The plant gives it a greenish that is useful camouflage in the trees of its Central and South American rainforest habitat. All sloths are built for life in the treetops and they spend nearly all their time in the trees. They hang from the branches, gripping with their long claws. Most sloths sleep some 15-20 hours a day. When they are awake, the barely move so the appear to still be asleep.(6) Their forearms are longer than their thighs so when on land, the crawl with their elbows and their claws. They also have thighs that are spaced so widely that they cannot
How To Keep Mice Under Control When You Fear Rodents And Traps If you can't stand the sight of a mouse, you'll want to take quick action when you suspect you have one. The last thing you want is for a mouse to get comfortable in your home and invite all his friends to move in too. If you're afraid of mice, you probably won't be able to set snap traps and empty them. You may find the whole idea of it too ghastly.
The system I chose to analyze was kids park. I chose this system based on a variety of different reasons. Firstly, on my experience from visiting majority of the parks in my neighbourhood, I’ve came noticed that a handful of parents doesn't have the time to take their kids to the park anymore. Whatever the reason maybe; work, personal time off, or too busy, it is something I've been noticing progressively. It is usually the nannies who are left with that responsibility or older siblings. Secondly I chose this particular system because I find it interesting how some parents are raising the children and when they’re out in public, for instance, a playground, I get to see how they deal with their kids in certain situation and if it affects what