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5.5 chemical and biological control of pests
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PHEROMONE APPLICATION IN CONTROLLING PESTS
1. Introduction
Pest management has become more and more vital issue in the development of agriculture. Traditional pest control tends to apply pesticides to uncovered areas far from where it's needed and make use of it far more than necessary. Nowadays, scientists find a chemical substance from insects and make it applied in pest control, this kind of chemical substance is called pheromones. What are pheromones? Pheromones are the chemical substances that emitted by an organism that influences the behaviour of the same species.
The purpose of this paper is to explain the reasons and methods of using pheromones to control pests to improve the productivity and reduce pesticides usage simultaneously. First, the article will discuss the reasons why the pheromones should be used in pest management. Moreover, it will introduce the application of pheromones. And at the last, the paper will focus on the benefits and problems that will be generated in the procedure of pheromones application.
2. Reasons for Using Pheromones in Pest Control Purpose
2.1 Biological Characteristics of Pheromones
According to definition, pheromones are the class of chemical materials which insects and other organisms release to communicate with other individuals of their own species. Such kind of biological characteristic offer the scientists opportunities and direction to take advantage of the specificity of pheromones to manipulate the behavior of pests effectively. According to thousands of reliable experiments, scientists consider pheromones application as a feasible solution to release the increasing public concern about the massive of toxic pesticides to control insects. Steven J. Seybold & Su...
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...ed March 30, 2010, from http://www.pcaapplicatorhours.com/Pheromones.html
Moore, S. (n.d.). Advantages & Disadvantages of Pest Control Using. Retrieved March 30, 2010, from http://www.ehow.com/list_6067912_advantages-pest-control-using-pheromones.html
N. Carter & H. Fraser. (2003, September). Mating Disruption for Management of Insect Pests. Retrieved March 31, 2010, from http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/03-079.htm#useofmating
Pheromones. Retrieved March 30, 2010, from http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/Pheromones.html
Pheromones - the trappings of sustainable pest control? Retrieved March 25, 2010, from http://www.new-ag.info/03-4/develop/dev03.html
Pheromones. Retrieved April 7, 2010, from http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.dfid.gov.uk/policieandpriorities/files/nsc/ev_s578.htm#H_item_6-H3
A good number of these synthetic pheromone based products effects are hyped in order to attract desperate folks out there. On the other hand, some highly effective pheromone based formulas still exist.
Abstract: The house cricket, Acheta domesticus, was used to test whether food and potential mates drive aggressive behavior. Male crickets were randomly selected in pairs and place into a cage to observe aggressive behaviors in the presence of no food, food, and female. The cage provided a confine area for the crickets to fight one another while the variables of food and female were used in attempts of increasing aggressive interactions between the male crickets. There was no significance found through this experiment due to a lack of data. It was discovered that the experiment would have to be done at a larger scale to be able to see any significance in the two variables.
What is a pesticide?A pesticide is a chemical substance used to kill pests, especially insects. A pesticide is also refered to as a biocide. Most pesticides are applied in spray form but occasionaly you will see pesticides that are in powder or pellet form. Pesticides are used on a variety of things, anything from crops like corn, barley, and wheat, to plants like petunias, marigolds, and rhodadendrons, which are usually found in small gardens greenhouses, and even in your backyard.
...h fertilization through deceptive pollination strategies. Actively evolving group with highly specialized adaptations for attracting, deceiving, and manipulating insects (Dressler 1).
The spinosad insecticide is very active and effective in controlling insects and pests. It acts on both contact and ingestion by an insect. The insecticide is subjective to the stages of life of an insect such as larvae or adult stages and the insect species. The insecticide mode of action is through the neural mechanism. It affects the neural transmissions and processes of an insect. Spinosad is applied to field crops during the entire growth process as specified. It is applied to crops such as flowers, vegetables, fruit trees and also cereals. Some flower farmers spray their crops before harvest to rid them off harmful insects (Kole, 1995). Farmers use spinosad insecticide to kill harmful insects that destroy their crops and spread diseases lowering the yield. It is also used to control storage pests that destroy cereals stored in bins. Quality food produce is another reason for the applying the insecticide.
Pheromones are substances emitted by an organism to elicit any response to the other members of the same species. In order for the substance to be classified as a pheromone, the response elicited should be innate and not learned. It serves as a communication means to inform other animals regarding things related to territory, reproduction and rearing of offspring, presence of danger or even the presence of rivals.
Even if we take the maximum amount of precaution and try to keep the house and office clean, as time passes by pests do try to enter the house and bother us and create embarrassment for us. Pests can sometimes be very bothersome, and they can also be the root for health hazards in the family and among the office staff. It is beyond our control to keep them away from our homes and office as they find a way to get in and dwell inside our buildings. There are so many different types of pests, and the building can be infected by more than one type of pest at a time. There are different methods to control each type of pest, and it is not possible for us to control it all by our self. Moreover, we will never be able to manage it as good pest control service professionals as they have specific equipment and chemicals needed to remove the pests.
By implementing a policy that bans the registration of neonicotinoids, policy makers aspire to return pollinator populations to normal levels through recovery through direct public action, specifically through a command-and-control policy. Due to varying opinions and sometimes misinterpreted literature, pest management has proven to be difficult and complex. Having to take into account a large number of input and output factors has limited the research conducted, though a clear link between neonicotinoid use and pollinator survival has been uncovered, debate still thrives on how to manage the use of such chemicals on crops and other applications.
This paper do the research on the potential ecological and human health consequences of Bt plants, including effects on nontarget organisms, food safety, and the development of resistant insect populations. And it get the alternative insect management strategies. It turns out that scientists do not have full knowledge of the risks and benefits of any insect management strategies. The Bt plants has great benefit.
Rubin, B. C. (2006). Tracking and detracking: Debates, evidence, and pest Practices for a heterogeneous world. Theory Into Practice, 45(1), 4-14. Retrieved from ERIC.
Instead of using pesticides in farming a better alternative would be biological control. This is when a natural predator is released into the crop growing area as a result the number of pests can be reduced.
There are many strategies and tactics for insecticide resistance management that we can take it to solve our factors that influence resistance management problem. Hence, to accomplish this goal, resistance surveillance has three objectives. Firstly, before to begin the control operation, we must provide baseline data for program planning and pesticide selection. Secondly, we must detect resistance at an early stage and lastly, we must monitor the effect of control strategies on resistance continuously.
making them less prone to attack by fungi and insects. The use of sex pheromones
Pest infestation can put your food product and your health at risk because the pest introduce the bacteria that can contaminate the food and cause diseases. Pest such as flies, cockroaches, rat, mice, birds, ants are the main sources of food contamination. There are a lot of measures can be taken to control the pest. Windows and doors in a food preparation area or food premises that open from time to time to the outside should be screened and repair the defects in the building wall, crack in the windows and gaps around the pipes. This is to prevent the access of the pests. Besides that, electronic fly killers should be installed to control flies that can spread pathogens to our food and cause food poisoning. This device works by attracting the flying insects to a blue ultra-violet light and then electrocuting them. Moreover, using of fly spray is not allowed to kill the pest because fly spray may contain some chemicals, and will cause some possible contamination to the food stuff. In addition, regular checking and inspecting for the signs of pests like rodent droppings, insect egg cases and dead insects should be carried out in order to keep them out of the food preparation and storage area. Moreover, a licensed pest controller can be hired to visit the food premises regularly. Furthermore, all the food areas should be kept in a clean condition. Food spillages should be avoided as it may attract pests.
Pesticide is a chemical used to prevent, wipe out and control the pest problem in agriculture. The use of pesticides have become a common practice around the world, and used almost everywhere, such as agricultural fields, homes, park and school, and so on. Most pesticides are insecticides, herbicides and fungicides that have distinct purposes. Insecticides are used to control insects; herbicides are used to destroy plants; fungicides are used to prevent molds and mildews. Most commonly pesticides contain highly toxic chemical such as Acid copper chromate (ACC), Acephate and Chlorpyrifos, and so on. One of example of insecticides, Chlorpyrifos, sprays widely on a variety of food and golf courses in order to control pests in a cornfield. However, “Chlorpyrifos can cause cholinesterase inhibition in humans; that is, it can over stimulate the nervous system causing nausea, dizziness, confusion, and at very high exposures (e.g., accidents or major spills), respiratory paralysis and death.” (EPA GOV) In the market has thousands of products are similar as Chlorpyrifos.