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Theories of first and second language acquisition
First and second language acquisition theory
The importance of second language acquisition
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Recommended: Theories of first and second language acquisition
According to Ellis (2010), Second Language Acquisition (SLA) scholars have proved the importance of their research in the area for the Language Pedagogy (LP). At the same time, there is no consensus regarding the exact nature of this relationship as well as the actors and actions involved. Obviously, teacher training institutions have to take into account the specific nature of language teaching because, as mentioned earlier in the text, this field requires the instructors to teach, not only the subject per se, but also introduce the intercultural competence. Furthermore, SLA is a rapidly developing area, which means that the theoretical research and practical implementation of findings are closely connected. Modern methodologies have seen …show more content…
8). In this regard, instructors can either be independent researchers or work in collaboration with educators who deal with theoretical aspects of SLA. Ellis proposes principles of effective teaching in the SLA context that, to the scholar’s mind, should be made part of the Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) program. The aim of these principles may be summarized as follows: people who are trained to become foreign language instructors should be assisted in developing their theory of teaching L2; and teacher training college students should not be given models of teaching but rather offered ideas that they may find useful. At the same time, having a specially designed course of SLA pedagogy means that future foreign language educators will benefit from the experience of their colleagues and will have more insight into the practical results of the studies conducted so far. One of such aspects is referred to by Ellis (2010) who speaks about the importance of corrective feedback role in a language classroom and suggests that teachers-to-be have to be offered some tasks where they would have to evaluate a specific educational situation, listen to, or read, a student-teacher interaction in class, and decide, either independently or in groups, whether any feedback is necessary and, if yes, how it should be introduced (the subsequent section will dwell more on the nature of the corrective feedback). Such research-oriented teaching may also contribute to establishing the most essential attributes of effective teaching, which are still lacking. On this note, Bell (2005) analyzes the outcomes of the questionnaire mailed to and filled out by 1000 foreign language teachers (dealing with French, Spanish and German) to claim that over 50% or nine categories of foreign language teaching are seen as important by all the instructors.
Teaching world languages is a very specific, extensive field, and it should be noted that the texts presented here are only a small sample of what is available. Though it has long been known that language, culture and identity are interwoven, and extensive research to this effect has been presented, there exists an enduring trend to teach language solely as language. The texts presented within this annotated bibliography make it obvious that, as language is the main conveyer of culture, opportunities are being missed to help students develop their cultural understanding, and thus, their own identities, through the acquisition of second, or subsequent, languages.
Many people against second language learning argue that learning a second language is meaningless because it is never used after learning it and is soon forgotten. The problem is the country’s secondary language education methods. Rather than teaching at a young age, which they should, they make it mandatory at the high school level. Making children learn a second language at a young age is a better method because the earliest years of childhood are a critical period and at a later time, the brain’s ability to learn a new language is greatly diminished (Richards). Another problem is that most often, there isn’t enough repetition of what is learned in order for it to “sink in” to the memory of students. If taught at a young age and maintained throughout that students’ academic career, not...
O’Neill,S., Gish, A. (2008). Teaching English as a second language. South Melbourne, VIC: Oxford University Press.
Second language learners often encounter linguistic problems as evidenced in the errors they make in the process of learning another language. Because errors regularly occur in the language classrooms, students and teachers often find themselves confronting with error correction. Error correction, which is also called corrective feedback or negative feedback (Ortega, 2008), has become a topic of great interest to me because of my own experience as a multilingual language learner learning two languages (English and Tagalog) simultaneously as a child in addition to my L1, which is Cebuano. My own experience as an ESL teacher for nine years has also prompted me to read the literature on this topic. The review of literature found in the next pages reveals that most studies addressing this issue were conducted in various settings particularly in inner and expanding circle countries like the U.S. Canada, and Japan. However a study, investigating Filipino ESL students’ attitude toward error correction was never found and reported in any of the various ELT and SLA journals. It is therefore the goal of this paper to supply this gap in the literature.
When children’s home languages are considered an asset in the classroom, they tend to have a stronger belief in their academic performances (López & Iribarren, 2014). This further highlighted the importance of making connections between home languages and instructional practices in order to effectively include all ELs. Instead of recommending the bilingual education for ELs, López & Iribarren (2014) argue that monolingual approach such as content-based instruction is a more effective second language teaching strategies. Content-based instruction calls student’s attention to the learning content and the way of how English is used for communication during the learning process, without limiting or prohibiting children’s use of home languages. Children in this language-learning model use their native languages as scaffolding tools to support their learning in both content and English.
Long, M. (1996). The role of the linguistic environment in second language acquisition. In W.Ritchie and T.Bhatia (eds.) Handbook of Second Language Acquisition (San Diego, CA: Academic Press), 413-68.
A major proportion of class time is taken up by teachers talking in front of the classroom(Nunan & Bailey, 2009). No matter what teaching strategies or methods a teacher uses, it is necessary to give directions, explain activities and check students’ understanding (Richards & Schimdt, 1985). This clearly emphasizes the importance of teacher talk in language classrooms. Walsh (2011) claimed that teacher talk is more important in language classroom than any other classroom since in this context the language being used by teacher is not only the means of acquiring new knowledge; it is also the goal of the study.
The aim of this essay is to explore language acquisition and compare and contrast different theories of language acquisition and language development. Language in its most basic form is used to communicate our needs and wants. It encompasses a range of modes of delivery including signing, spoken and written words, posture, eye contact, facial expressions and gestures. So how do we learn ‘language’? Are we born with the skills for communication, or is it something that we have to learn or have taught to us? Four theories are looked at in this essay to determine how children acquire and then develop language. These theories include behaviourist, nativist, cognitivist and sociocultural. This essay will highlight some similarities and differences in each theory and what impact these have on a child’s acquisition and development of language. Lastly we will look at the implications of these theories when working with children. Can a classroom teacher deliver a quality literacy program based on just one of these theories or does it need to incorporate components of all four? Sims, (2012) pp. 21 states ‘’High-quality learning experiences in the early years of life enhance children’s cognitive and language skills’’. This places a great responsibility on educators and teachers alike to provide an environment which is rich in learning opportunities that will encourage both the acquisition and development of language.
Teaching students a language that is foreign can really be challenging for students as well as for the teachers. The dynamic rule for implementing instructing in a diverse class to English-learners is to use resourceful life skills such as diligence, hard work and patience. There are also methods that are involved in teaching English as a second language that can be creative for the teacher, yet beneficial to the student. First building a strong foundation that is essential to English learners will promote the language acquisition process. To do this teacher’s should always start with preparation. Advance preparation is essential in order to provide necessary adaptations in content area instruction and to make content information accessible for second language lear...
There are three main theories of child language acquisition; Cognitive Theory, Imitation and Positive Reinforcement, and Innateness of Certain Linguistic Features (Linguistics 201). All three theories offer a substantial amount of proof and experiments, but none of them have been proven entirely correct. The search for how children acquire their native language in such a short period of time has been studied for many centuries. In a changing world, it is difficult to pinpoint any definite specifics of language because of the diversity and modification throughout thousands of millions of years.
In the twentieth century, the avoidance of the using L1 in classrooms dominated teachers’ minds; as well it was implemented in many policies and guidelines of language teaching (Cook, 2001). Thornbury (2010) listed a set of arguments against using L1 in L2 classrooms mainly for that the translation of L2 into another language will play negative effects on students’ learning process. He pointed out that the use of L1 will result learners to have a cognitive dependence on their mother tongue at the expense of developing independence TL learning. Although the two language systems are not equivalent in many aspects, students may have an awareness of the notion of equivalence of the two languages if translation serves to convey meanings. Some argue that the use of translation to convey the meaning of the TL is more efficient and more memorable. However, Thornbury (2010) sees the opposite. He stated that the simple and direct way of translation will make L2 knowledge less memorable since the process lacks mental efforts in working out meanings.
Theories of Language Acquisition The theories of language acquisition are essentially centred around the nature nurture argument. The theory that children have an innate capacity for language was created by Noam Chomsky (1928- ) an American linguistic. This nativist approach states that learning language is part of the genetic makeup of human species and is nearly independent of any particular experience which may occur after birth. Once a childs brain has been exposed to speech for the very first time it will receive and make sense of these utterances, due to its particular programming.
Thus, the book answers numerous practical questions that teachers have often struggled with; for example, how to increase the chances of academic success for language learners, how to use technology to teach language effectively, or how to teach language and content material concurrently. From the preface, the author makes it very clear that the book is designed to support language teachers in their journey as new teachers and throughout their teaching careers. In total, the book contains eleven chapters, which have been divided into four parts. The first part, "What Do Language Teachers Think About?" includes topics of foreign/ second language acquisition theories and language teaching methodologies. This part introduces the background knowledge readers will need in their journey as language teachers. The second part, "How Do You Teach a Language?" introduces approaches to teaching and learning that improve students’ writing, listening, speaking and reading abilities. Each chapter in this part includes suggestions for how students can be motivated and describes teaching and testing approaches to assess students ' language skills and academic literacy. The third part, "How Do I Know What to Teach?" is instrumental in helping teachers adopt teaching practices to particular teaching settings. The fourth part, "Where Do I Go from Here?" helps teachers gain a clearer perspective of what language teaching is all about; this section also considers teacher 's self-assessment and personal
The increasing impact of globalization has, in recent years, caused a significant shift in the goals of foreign language education from communicative competence to a requirement for intercultural communicative competence (Byram, 1997). He defined intercultural competence as the ability to establish and maintain relations with members of other culture but not necessarily linked to foreign language proficiency while intercultural communicative competence implies that the learner can do this in a foreign language (Helm & Guth, 2010). However, in a traditional language classroom, the focus of language teaching is to develop reading, writing, speaking, and listening skills. If the focus on language teaching is to improve this set of
Children’s acquisition of language has long been considered one of the uniquely defining characteristics of human behaviour.