1. INTRODUCTION
➢ As we all know many older structures are available all over the world. But there are many concrete structures which have to be repair due public use. There are many structures which are willing to die due to older structure or some new structure which has less strength. So repair or rehabilitation process has to be done in the structure to increase the strength of the structure.
➢ The main purpose is to study the methodology of repair and rehabilitation. These are structure which required more strength due to earthquake resistance so to study the concrete structure and to give extra strength. i.e.: internally or externally. 2. PROBLEM SUMMMARY:
➢ The strengthening of concrete can be done various methods such as bonding
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➢ It is more economical than the construct of new structure.
4. LITERATURE REVIEW :
4.1 WHAT IS THE RETROFITTING & REHABILITATION?
➢ Retrofitting is relevant to 'restored' as well as existing undamaged buildings which are other-wise weak against earthquake forces likely to occur in future according to Indian Standard Building Codes.
➢ Retrofitting is the process of modifying something after it has been manufactured.
➢ Actions for upgrading the seismic restoring of an existing building. So that if becomes safer under the recurrence of likely future earthquakes.
➢ It is the method of strengthening of the already built damaged/undamaged old/new structures those are found to be weak in earthquake loadings that may occur in future. Modifying existing structures with additional or new components or members.
4.2 WHEN RETROFITTING & REHABILITATION ARE REQUIRED?
➢ The need to rehabilitate a structure may arise at any time from the beginning of the construction phase until the end of the service life. During the construction phase, it may occur because of
- Design error - Deficient concrete production - Bad execution
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To increase shear strength by transverse fibrereinforcement.
3. To increase flexural strength by longitudinalfibre reinforcement provided.
4.5.1.1 Jacketing of Columns:
➢ Jacketing of columns consists of added concrete with longitudinal and transverse reinforcement around the existing columns. This type of strengthening improves the axial and shears strength of columns while the flexural strength of column and strength of the beam-column joints remain the same. It is also observed that the jacketing of columns is not successful for improving the ductility.
➢ A major advantage of column jacketing is that it improves the lateral load capacity of the building in a reasonably uniform and distributed way and hence avoiding the concentration of stiffness as in the case of shear walls.
➢ This is how major strengthening of foundations may be avoided. In addition the original function of the building can be maintained, as there are no major changes in the original geometry of the building with this technique. The jacketing of columns is generally carried out by two methods:
(i) Reinforced concrete jacketing
(ii) Steel jacketing.
4.5.1.1.1 REINFORCED CONCRETE:
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This leads to formulating certain survival procedures, researching new technology and preparing and for an earthquake and volcanic eruptions. To overcome the effects of earthquakes, scientists and engineers have designed earthquake resistant infrastructure. This was created because common infrastructures fail in earthquakes as there are heavy and can 't stand seismic waves. The major cause of death during earthquakes is being killed by a falling building. However, in earthquake resistant building the main concept is to make the building as rigid, strong and out of the lightest material possible so if it does fall individuals have a possibility of surviving. At the bottom of earthquake resistant building, there would be some sort of shock absorber, so it can absorb the seismic waves reducing the impact. Then, the building will incorporate a sheer core and sheer walls, to reduce the rocking movements of an earthquake. Along with this, walls will have two steam beams for added security. In developing countries, a similar type of plan is used but the building is made out of more cheaper and everyday objects. Another defence systems humans use to adapt to earthquakes and volcanoes is monitoring and warning systems. Monitoring and warning systems are usually controlled by local or national governments. In earthquake situations, sensors (which are distributed in the region prone to earthquakes) send information to the alert centre when a seismic wave is detected, there the information is investigated. Afterwards, the information from the alert centre is immediately transmitted to the individuals of the region warning them about the expected intensity and arrival time of earthquake by text message or call. After that, it is advised that individuals turn off all electrical appliances and follow their local earthquake
Many existing bridges structure has been designed without seismic provisions are vulnerable which has demonstrated by recent earthquake. The consequent of the extensive damage to bridge structure include potential loss of life and property, and interruption of transportation system that can contribute to major economic and impact to the society. Concern about the vulnerability of bridges being damage, there are significant need to perform adequate seismic retrofit technique prior to future seismic event. Furthermore, for ensuring the existing bridge meet current safety seismic design requirement consist of detailing schemes that can offer flexural ductility, high-energy dissipation and preventing shear failure. Thus, this paper only focuses on retrofitting of bridge column/pier. Therefore, it is very important to identify potential deficiencies and examine the strategies for retrofit these bridge pier in the rehabilitation of existing bridge pier, which can upgrade the performance and extension of its service life. Common deficiencies for reinforced concrete column and piers as shown in Figure 1.
When possible, external retrofitting insulation is advantageous since it has many technical and structural benefits. Conditions are especially in favor of external retrofit insulation when the external walls require to be repaired or when existing walls becomes irresistible for climate changes such as rain and frost. External retrofit insulation can be placed continuously on the wall surface so that cold bridges at the floor separations and on adjoining inside walls will be eliminated. In this way the existing wall will maintain a higher temperature and will not be endangered to humidity and moisture accumulation. External retrofit insulation also has a significant importance in the sense that it does not both the inhabitants if the building with no damage of internal living
Two models were created of the frame of the existing building. The first model was done in Revit and was created for the purpose of having a visual representation of the primary framing members of the building combined with the runway beams and columns for the crane system, Figure 14. The second model was done in RISA and was created for the purpose of analyzing the primary framing members for potential modifications.
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The flexural strength usually reported by the time the first crack appears which is corresponding to the point where the load-deformation curve moves out of linearity (Point A on Figure 4). The second value is the failure value or in other words it is called the ultimate flexural strength or the modulus of rupture (Point C on Figure 4). Johnston reported that the prismatic fibers and hooked ones have effects on the strength of the unreinforced matrices by about 100 percent. High strengths can be achieved in mortars with w/c ratio of 0.45 to 0.55. Using 1.5% of volume as fibers may increase the strength value to the range of (6.5 to 10 MPa) and Johnston experiments in 1980 showed that using 2.5% of volume as fibers may increase the strength to 13 MPa.
FRP reinforcement became the standard in this type of construction. Other uses developed as the advantages of FRP reinforcement became better known and desired, specifically in seawall construction, substation reactor bases, airport runways, and electronics
Load bearing walls are those exposed to the external environment on at least one side.
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