Werner conducted a longitudinal study on the children of the island of Kauai (the garden island) in Hawaii. This study consisted of two objectives: to seek the long term effects of prenatal or perinatal stress and record the early nurturing adversities effects on a child’s physical, cognitive and psychosocial development. She used a sample of 698 infants out of 1963 live births to carry out this study. The study looked at these infants at the ages of one, two, 10, 18, 31 and 32. She enlisted members of the community to take a census of the women around the garden from 12 years or older to find out the amount of pregnant women ,and enlist the non pregnant to send word when the got pregnant. She got information regarding the mothers’ postpartum period when the children were at the age one and 10 years from nurses and social workers. Nurses were in charge of observing the women during each trimester of the pregnancy if any difficulty was encountered, such as physical or emotional stress. Physicians were controlled any difficulty encountered during the prenatal stage, labour, delivery and neonatal stage. She enlisted the paediatricians and psychologists to access the children’s’ physical, intellectual and social developmental whilst documenting if any of the children had disabilities or behavioural problems. She and her colleagues also gave several tests such as aptitude, personality, etc. at elementary and high school grades. Lastly, they interviewed the children at ages 18, 31 and 32 to get their view on life. In 1955, some of the children died as a result of exposure to prenatal or perinatal stress between birth and age two. 116 children were diagnosed with physical or mental difficulties at age two and 142 children had gotten le...
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...r lives were like. They found that 86% of the resilient children seemed to doing well as adults and compared with non-vulnerable children had a higher rate of reporting to be happy. However, they did record high amount of health problems such as dizziness, back problems for men and pregnancy, childbirth for women. In addition, other children from the vulnerable group reported significantly better results compared to their teenage selves e.g. going back to school, getting a job etc. the study proves to show that children can grow up to be competent members of the society even if born into impoverished environment and under stressful situations as long as there is a balance between the environment, stress and support. she suggest early intervention programs and nurturing environments for children in vulnerable conditions to improve the child’s development in future.
Stress plays a vital role in a person’s overall health. One of the non-medical problems of Katy’s Adams case study is related to denial of child care services because she was hospitalized and was unable to
The acute and chronic stress that these children raised in poverty experience leaves a devastating imprint on their lives. For Ayla, the chronic stress of her drug-using mother has a relentless influence on her experience in school. Her mother has poor management skills, and has almost lost custody to Ayla and her sister on two occasions. This kind of stress exerts a devastating influence on children 's physical, psychological, emotional, and cognitive functioning—areas that affect brain development, academic success, and social competence. Students subjected to such stress may lack crucial coping skills and experience significant behavioral and academic problems in school. As such, I can understand Ayla’s lack of interest in class discussions, and her tendency to sleep in class because the disadvantages she must be experiencing at home. The stress she experiences has an evident role in her low self-esteem and lack of dreams or aspirations for
Talge, N. M., Neal, C., & Glover, V. (2007). Antenatal maternal stress and long-term effects on child neurodevelopment: how and why?. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48(3/4), 245-261.
...ence of these children and their remarkable ability to positively adapt in the face of adversity, and although there are a number of unanswered questions in connection to the biological, cognitive, and social processes that are experienced throughout childhood, it is encouraging to know that with further study, this resiliency might be encouraged in the daycare setting. (Degnan & Fox, 2007)
Differential susceptibility is not limited only to negative effects of hard times. Children differ in their answers to experiences or at the degree how they are affected by parenting or any other form of child rearing. Differential susceptibility is concept that children differ in their susceptibility, in other word, sensitivity, to rearing impact. It describes the negative or “dark side”, which is responsible for resulting negative experience and also positive or the “bright side” of environmental susceptibility, which individual might benefit from as it stays in Pluess and Belsky (2013). Individual, who is vulnerable and respond to negative influence high, will also respond high to positive influence, whereas the individual, who is resilient
Poverty has many influences on children under the age of 16. The research fined out that in recent year, an increasing number of children become poor, live under the poverty condition- childhood poverty lasted 10 years or more. So, what does the poverty exactly mean to children? According to Brook-Gunn and Duncan, The kids who live in the poverty condition have the low quality of schools; more likely to have domestic violence and become homeless; less access to friends, services, etc. (Brooks-Gunn et all, 1997) That points out the disadvantage and how the family income influence youngsters overall childhood, since under the poverty condition, they children do not have enough money to support for their necessary needs, they will more likely to have low self-confidence and hard to blend in with their peers. Poverty has impact on children’s achievement in several different ways. Payne (2003) maintained that the poverty could affect children achievement though emotional, mental, financial, and role models (Payne, 2003). Thus, the children from low-income family are more likely to have self-destructive behavior, lack of control emotional response and lack of necessary intellectual, that is really important for the students under the age of 16. Nevertheless, the children who suffer from poverty are usually have low birth weight and low cognitive ability
Through further research into resiliency there will be aspects that are identified and can be applied to youths to help extend this capacity for resiliency which will ultimately reduce delinquency and create better, more stable and capable adults. This research will work to bridge the gap between juveniles who come from bad homes, have bad genes, and have no money. Allowing for the inclusion of many young adults into a setting that will help them to develop into law abiding, functional, productive members of society. This research has the capacity to help break the cycle of violence and poverty that can be seen throughout many countries; resilience in juveniles can reduce delinquency and continued research will have a rippling effect into the future.
In class, we learned that family resilience is a family’s ability to bounce back after dealing with a harsh situation. Elasticity and buoyancy are two essential pieces in family resilience. Elasticity means the family is able to conserve their established patterns after dealing with a harsh situation. On the other hand, buoyancy is the family’s ability to rapidly recover from a tough situation. Reading this article, helped me realize that both, families and children, need social support in order to build resilience. In fact, this article states that children need school and community support when trying to overcome a hardship. In addition, the textbook and the article provide similar ways which adults, especially teachers, can help children be more resilient. For example, both state that teachers should focus more on their students’ strengths and less on their
Wassell, D. B. & Iain, S. C. (2002). Adolescence : Assessing and Promoting Resilience in Vulnerable Children. Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers .
In the documentary “The Raising of America”, it was an eye opening experience for me. It shed light on issues related to children born into poverty and the long term effects due to stress it can have throughout their childhood and adulthood. What really captured my attention was the 20 year study researcher followed to determine how stress affect the child and the mother. As a society, we often overlook individuals that are in poverty, the following statement is widely recognized as the American Dream; “Pull Yourself Up By Your Bootstraps.” In my opinion, this should no longer be a valid expectation of Americans especially for women and children.
The life course and systems perspective provides building blocks for understanding positive development during middle childhood. As parents and social workers, we must recognize that resilience is seldom an instinctive characteristic; rather, it is a process that is facilitated by influences within the child’s surrounding. Research suggest that high-risk behaviors among children increases when children perceives declining family involvement and community supports. Therefore, the primary goal of parents and professionals is to dedicate to the child’s well-being positive internal and external supports that promote maximal protective factors, while minimizing risk factors for optimal developmental transitions. Chapter 5 of Elizabeth D. Hutchinson, Dimensions of Human Behavior The Changing Life Course 3rd, 2008.
Family is the fundamental group of people that hones each individual into a social being and trains each person into a being that complies with various changes that may occur in one’s life. It aids in developing a person’s skills and attitude in relating to other people. If not for the family, growing and developing one’s self is a difficult and an almost impossible task to accomplish. In the article by Joan Patterson, known as Understanding Family Resilience, it had highlighted various information and explanations of how a family responds and should opt to act during times of adversity, or also known as family resilience. It is defined by McCubin, H and McCubin, M. as “characteristics, dimensions, and properties which help families to be resistant to disruption in the face of change and adaptive in the face of crisis situations.” Since change occurs on a daily basis and is entirely inevitable, the trait of a family to be flexible in adjusting is necessary. Events that may trigger changes are various crises and challenges or internal and external forces. Such occurrences that arise and are experienced by the family may draw most families to become hopeless and disoriented. In Patterson’s work, a clear explanation and citation of various instances to prove that such misfortunate events that could lead to the disorganization of a family can be avoided and be used as an opportunity to further strengthen the relationship founded in the family.
Childhood development is both a biological and psychological period that occurs to every human from birth to adolescence. The transition from dependency to autonomy characterizes this period. The crucial factors that affect this period include parental life, prenatal development and genetics among others. Childhood period is immensely significant for the child’s future health and development. Efforts in ensuring proper child development are normally seen through parents, health professional and educators who work collectively. Such efforts are essential in making sure that children grow to reach their full potential. However, it is not extremely easy to raise a child in modern times because certain factors emerge to ruin this pivotal stage in life. Poverty is a serious problem that can immensely affect childhood development (Horgan, 2007). Children are susceptible developmentally to problems in their earliest period of their life. Poverty is not a selective issue and it can affect all ages in any place, but its
Child maltreatment can affect any child, usually aged 0-18, and it occurs across socioeconomic, religious, ethnic or even educational backgrounds. Arguably, child abuse and neglect is a violation of basic human rights of a child resulting from social, familial, psychological and economic factors (Kiran, 2011). Familial factors include lack of support, poverty, single parenthood, and domestic violence among others, (McCoy and Keen, 2009). The common types of child maltreatment include physical abuse, emotional maltreatment, neglect, and sexual abuse among others. Abuse and neglect can lead to a variety of impacts on children and young people such as physical, behavioral as well as psychological consequences which will affect the development and growth of the child either positively or negatively based on the environment and agency. More so, emotional, cognitive and physical developmental impacts from child neglect in the early stages of childhood can be carried on into adulthood. Research findings reveal that the experience of maltreatment can cause major long-term consequences on all aspects of a child’s health, growth as well as intellectual development and mental wellbeing, and these effects can impair their functioning as adults. Commonly, the act of abuse/ or neglect toward a child affects the child’s physical, behavioral development and growth, which can be positive or negative, depending on the child’s environment and agency. Another way to understand how the act has affected the child is to look at the child for who they are, and interviewing and observing their behaviors of their everyday life.
When analyzing children growing up in poverty a lot of factors come into play such as their physical, psychological and emotional development. To grow up in poverty can have long term effect on a child. What should be emphasized in analyzing the effects of poverty on children is how it has caused many children around the world to suffer from physical disorders, malnutrition, and even diminishes their capacities to function in society. Poverty has played a major role in the functioning of families and the level of social and emotional competency that children are able to reach. Children in poverty stricken families are exposed to greater and emotional risks and stress level factors. They are even capable of understanding and dealing with their own emotions as well as the emotions of others. Some of the implications of poverty include educational setbacks, issues with social behaviors and hindrances in psychological and physical development. Poverty deprives children of the capabilities needed to survive, develop and prosper in society. Studies have shown that the income status of a household and even the neighborhoods in which they reside can affect the amount of readily available resources needed to sustain a healthy child. This essay will examine the psychological and physical effects of poverty on children. The psychological aspect will include a look at behavioral problems in children, depression, chronic stress, and conduct disorders such as ADHD. Poverty is known to decrease the amount of psychological and physical capabilities in children which can have long term adverse effects on their wellbeing.