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Introduction to literature review on juvenile delinquency
Objectives of studying juvenile delinquency
Objectives of studying juvenile delinquency
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Resilience is essentially the ability to successfully adapt to environmental stressors by maintaining psychological well-being in the face of adverse circumstances. The concept of resiliency has only recently begun to be a topic for research theory related to juveniles. Most theory research has been centered on why juveniles commit crime, in effect identifying risk factors to show who is likely to participate in delinquent behaviors and what are the factors driving this behavior are. Primary research focus has been on the neurobiological and psychological factors that may be able to assist a juvenile in being resilient to their environment and other factors that would usually lead to a high risk level score. This approach is in on the opposite side of most current views but the development of this theory will help to explain why children exposed to similar adversity may have completely different responses; one may disappear into that delinquent, and ultimately criminal, pattern whereas the juvenile with resiliency will be able to overcome this same set of circumstances but in understanding there can be a spread of courage and responsibility in today’s youth (Brendtro, L., & Larson, S. (2004). The hope, beyond simply the ability to understand why, is that through research into resiliency there will be aspects that are identified and can be applied to youths to help spread this resilient ability which will reduce delinquency and create better, more stable and capable adults. The knowledge base on juvenile resiliency to risk factors for delinquency is still in its beginning stages. With information collected so far it is known that risk factors that include poverty, single parent status and report of sexual abuse, and then resilie... ... middle of paper ... ...ological and social competence within juveniles that are lacking in many who present with these risk factors. Through further research into resiliency there will be aspects that are identified and can be applied to youths to help extend this capacity for resiliency which will ultimately reduce delinquency and create better, more stable and capable adults. This research will work to bridge the gap between juveniles who come from bad homes, have bad genes, and have no money. Allowing for the inclusion of many young adults into a setting that will help them to develop into law abiding, functional, productive members of society. This research has the capacity to help break the cycle of violence and poverty that can be seen throughout many countries; resilience in juveniles can reduce delinquency and continued research will have a rippling effect into the future.
Yoshikawa, H. (2000). Long-Term Effects of Early Childhood Programs On Social Outcomes And Delinquency. In R. M. Mann (Ed.), Juvenile Crime And Delinquency (pp. 368-372). Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Canadian Scholar's Press Inc. Retrieved November 6, 2013
Progar, J. (2012). Review of juveniles at risk: A plea for preventive justice. Journal Of Youth And Adolescence, 41(12), 1702-1704. doi:10.1007/s10964-012-9841-0
Handling a young fragile mind can be difficult; but studies have shown therapeutic rehabilitation is key in not causing unrepairable damage. The majority of youth offenders has been exposed to harsh environments and rough upbringings. Years of exposure to violence and neglect can create a sort of brain-washing. It is imperative to focus on important aspects of life in order to transform the mind of the juveniles. An efficient method that involves keeping the juvenile in the community is referred to as multisystemic therapy. “Multisystemic therapy is an intensive therapy program which focuses on numerous aspects the delinquent’s life: family, school, social and other unique factors which may relate to the behavior” (May, Osmond, and Billick 298). When using the multisystemic approach juveniles decrease association with other delinquents, juvenile and adult. The therapeutic method gives an individual approach on focusing deeper on the root issues and helps the juvenile renew their minds and thought process. In the end, adopting multisystemic therapy decreases the likelihood of the youth continuing in a criminal
The adjustment from incarceration to society causes a series of problems, making rehabilitation difficult. When the juvenile’s leave home to be detained, all ties with society, the support systems they had, the gangs they associated with, school they attending are no longer in close proximity, which is essential for successful rehabilitation (James, Stams, Asscher, Katrien De Roo & van der Laan 2012). Another problem association with the reintegration is that juveniles are in a particularly fragile state in that they are not only transitioning from society to detention, but from adolescence to adulthood, both of which are overwhelming adjustments. Research has shown, however, that if youths stay out of trouble within the first few months
It is common for juveniles in need of rehabilitation to have multiple problems. Sometimes, the ...
The Merriam Webster dictionary defines Probation as a period of time given to someone who commits a crime and instead of being incarcerated are allowed to spend their sentence in the community based on conditions set aside by the courts. (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/probation) The task was given to me to build the ultimate model of Probation Services. After careful consideration and great thought this is the route I decided to take. I believe that parents play a great role in some of the decisions their children make. The decisions children make today are a reflection of their parents. My focus on this probation model is to place both child and parent in an institution were they would undergo a period of restoration of family values, rehabilitation, parenting courses, academia and counselling. The ages of these juveniles will range between the ages of ten (10) to seventeen (17) years old.Therefore I stand for institutionalized probation and how this probation will assist in instilling family values.
There are many reasons why children and adolescents engage in delinquent behaviors. Merton’s Strain theory attempts to understand and examine these contexts. He suggested that individuals experiencing some type of strain/stressor feel negative emotions that cause them to participate in delinquency. After the child or adolescent has committed the crime, they are usually required to attend a diversion program. Many diversion programs have tried to prevent future delinquency by guiding, teaching, and rehabilitating youth that commit crimes. Yet, certain crimes crimes committed by children and adolescents have different approaches. Based on the seriousness of the crime, the adolescent will be charged as an adult. This approach does not address the current strain or situation the person is going through. Therefore, juvenile courts and diversion programs are extremely important when dealing with juvenile
Youths who have entered the justice system have often been diagnosed with mental disorders or diseases. “A majority of adolescents formally involved in juvenile court have at least one, if not more than one, significant emotional or learning impairment, or maltreatment experience” (Mallet, 2013). The existence of these diseases often effect the juvenile’s stability and ability to make rational decisions. Which may result in them engaging in criminal activities The prevalence of disruptive behavior disorders among youths in juvenile justice systems is reported to be between 30 percent and 50 percent (The mental health needs of juvenile offenders). The difficulties of these disorders are often
Mulder, E., Brand, E., Bullens, R., & Van Marle, H. (2010). A classification of risk factors in serious juvenile offenders and the relation between patterns of risk factors and recidivism. Criminal Behaviour & Mental Health, 20(1), 23-38. doi:10.1002/cbm.754
Within psychology adolescence is described as a period of transition from childhood to adulthood. It is a period between year twelve and late teens, when the physical growth is complete, the person becomes sexually mature and establishes identity (Nolen-Hoeksema, Friedricson, Loftus & Wagenaar, 2009). During this period of development, the individual has to face several risk factors, which are considered as a hazard on normal psychological development of an individual (Colman, 2009). This means, that experiencing them is associated with vulnerability, developing mental health problems and problematic behaviors such as for instance greater risk taking, school related deviance and school failure, teen pregnancy, substance misuse, aggression, violence or vandalism or in other words delinquency and antisocial behavior (Perkins & Borden, 2003). Therefore risk factors have a potential not just endanger the present developmental period, but also jeopardize the future biological and psychological development (Beam, Gill-Rivas, Greenberger & Chen, 2002; Perkins & Borden, 2003). However, not all young individual will respond to risk factors by developing negative outcomes. Some develop resilience and adapt to changes and stressors (Crawford, 2006; Perkins & Borden, 2003). Furthermore it has been suggested, that risk factors are desirable for developing this kind of positive outcome (Fergus & Zimmerman, 2005). According to Fonagy et. al. (1994) (cited in Crawford, 2006) resilience can be defined as normal development under difficult conditions. It leads to overcoming and coping with the negative effects of exposure to risk factors (Fergus & Zimmerman, 2005). To maintain this, protective factors need to be put in place (Fergus & Zimmerman, 2...
The juvenile system was first established in the United States around 1899 when Illinois had their first court appearance including a juvenile. This then led to the Nation’s first juvenile system being created, which was for youth under the age of eighteen who have been convicted of crimes. Up until then, most youth were tried as an adult until the system was put into place. The system has different sections in which they youth is taken in such as: intake, adjudication, disposition, and post adjudicatory.
One of the best strategies for combating juvenile delinquency is adopting developmental crime prevention program. Developmental crime prevention programs aim to lower an individual’s potential of becoming criminal. The theory that guides these types of programs is that criminal and deviant activity is the result of early life experiences and learning. These programs put an emphasis on what causes individuals to commit deviant acts in order to identify ways that this activity can be stopped (Lab, 2014). A key piece to developmental crime prevention programs is identifying risk and protective factors for offending.
Convicting a child as an adult in the penal system is not helpful to society nor the minor because the youth’s mental state has not reached its maximum maturity level, the youth’s physical and mental health may be affected and it costs millions of dollars to maintain youth in detention centers. With education comes self-empowerment. At times, youth do not often fully understand the consequences of their actions. Fresh Lifelines for Youth is a program that helps youth become more knowledgeable of their rights, the consequences they could face and offer a mentorship program. Educating instead of incarcerating is key in order to help prevent youth from spiraling out of control.
With increased crimes in the society, it has become more common in the criminal justice system to treat the juvenile offers as grown-ups. However, there is strong evidence and arguments against this practice. Jessica Reaves from the TIME magazine stated that “the brain’s prefrontal lobe… plays a crucial role in inhibiting inappropriate behavior” (Reaves). Reaves also stated that juveniles “may not reach full development until age 20” (Reaves). This indicates that most children with underdeveloped brain are not capable of fully comprehending the consequences of their actions, unlike adults.
Juvenile’s brains are still not fully developed giving them a much higher chance of being able to change. According to the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the frontal cortex, the part of the brain that controls reasoning and decision making, does not fully mature until adulthood. Since these juveniles’ brains are not fully developed it causes them to act more on impulse and immediate gain and they do not stop to thing about the consequences of their actions. Their underdeveloped brain also means that there is still a great deal of potential to change the way they think and to help teach them reasoning and good decision making (Teen, 2011). Juveniles can be thought reasoning and also as they get older their frontal cortexes will develop and make it easier for them to make rational decisions. Since juvenile’s brains are not fully developed, psychotherapy is a very effective way to treat them and has been proven in many studies to work on adolescences. Mark Lipsey of Vanderbilt University concluded, after studying 548 different studies of youth offenders from 1958 to 2002, that cognitive behavioral therapy based on skill building and counseling is the most effective way in reducing recidivism in juveniles, while interventions “based on punishment and deterrence appeared to increase criminal recidivism” (Naughton, 154). This is a reason why so many convicts end