Metabolic Syndrome (syndrome X, insulin resistance syndrome) is the name for a group of risk factors that raises your risk for diabetes mellitus (DM), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and other health problems, such as diabetes and stroke.2 It is characterized by abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, low HDL, and elevated triglycerides. Some hallmarks of metabolic syndromes are dyslipidemia, central adiposity, and a predisposition to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, certain cancers, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Genetics appears to play an important role in predisposing certain individuals and populations to the development of metabolic syndrome.1 Multiple environmental factors modify this genetic predisposition and include physical inactivity, advancing age, cigarette smoking, and endocrine dysfunction. The presence of one or either of these signs should alert the clinician to search for other biochemical abnormalities that may be associated with the metabolic syndrome.
There needs to be at least 3 of the 5 risk factors to be diagnosed with metabolic syndrome.3 There are 3 etiological categories for metabolic syndrome, disorders that deal with adipose tissue; insulin resistance, and a many independent factors that mediate different aspects of the metabolic syndrome. The medical history should include evaluation of symptoms for OSA (obstructive sleep apnea) in all patients.1 OSA is commonly associated with obesity, HTN, increased circulating cytokines and insulin resistance.1 Medical history should include evaluation of symptoms for PCOS in premenopausal women. PCOS is prevalent in 40-50% of women with metabolic syndrome and is 2-4 times more likely to occur than women without PCOS.1 Family hist...
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Some ways to fight of this syndrome include regular diet and exercise and various bariatric surgeries. Long range BMI target/goal is less than 25. If life style change is not enough than drugs that help lower cholesterol level high blood pressure and blood sugar can be used such as statins, fibrates or nicotinic acid. 4Other things that can be done include trying to fight the insulin resistance by starting thiazolidinediones. Also, treating the different risk factors like elevated blood pressure, prothrombotic and proinflammatory state independently.
Our patient has 4 of the 5 risk factors: low HDL, high triglycerides, high fasting blood glucose, and central obesity. Because of this, she does seem to have metabolic syndrome. With metabolic syndrome concomitant disease states occur that the patient may have, including PCOS, and hypothyroidism.
Increasingly, scientists are focusing on a common set of underlying metabolic issues that raise people's risk for chronic disease.
A 46-year-old Hispanic man presented to the clinic for a routine physical and a review of his recent laboratory studies. His medical history was significant for high cholesterol. His daily medication regimen included a multivitamin, aspirin 81 mg, and simvastatin (Zocor) 40 mg for high cholesterol. His family history was remarkable for type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia in his mother, maternal grandmother, maternal aunt, and maternal uncle. Physical examination revealed a height of 69 inches, weight of 199 pounds, body mass index (BMI) of 29.4 kg/m2, waist circumference of 36 inches and blood pressure of 125/72 mm Hg. Initial laboratory results were: total cholesterol 195 mg/dL; triglycerides 136 mg/dL; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), 124 mg/dL; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), 44 mg/dL; and fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 119 mg/dL. Complete blood count, renal function and liver function tests were all normal. Additional studies included an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) of 157 mg/dL and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) of 5.9%. The patient’s physical exam was unremarkable with no abnormalities noted.
First I will be discussing about the thyroid gland, so the thyroid gland is a gland in the neck that secretes hormones. These hormones regulate growth and development, and metabolism. The main hormone secreted is Thyroxine. So when a person like Margie is diagnosed with hypothyroidism it means the thyroid gland does not secrete enough hormones. As many females get over the age of 50, they are more at risk of developing hypothyroidism. The symptoms
...so discuss making a exercise plan that will work for the patient, and will not cause him/her any pain. If all of the correct measures are taken, and the patient is taking care of themselves, they can prevent more serious complications from occurring. They must know that they are serious complications from one not taking care of themselves, or living a unhealthy life style. It does involve a lifelong commitment to change. Medication will help, but one must also be willing to change.
Triglycerides are a main source of energy for humans, which are storage molecules composed of fatty acids that may undergo fatty acid beta-oxidation when in need of energy (D. R. de Assis et al, 2003). Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCAD deficiency) is the most commonly diagnosed mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation disorder that prevents fatty acid conversion to energy (Rinaldo et al., 2002). MCAD deficiency is caused by mutations in the gene coding for the MCAD enzyme, and the disorder occurs in 1 of every 17,000 people, with the highest frequency in Northern European populations (Kompare & Rizzo, 2008; Rinaldo et al., 2002). Individuals are often diagnosed using genetic and molecular testing by looking at DNA, as well as the contents of urine samples (Matern & Rinaldo, 2012 ). Newborn screening may help identify affected individuals before the onset of symptoms and take preventative measures against this disorder (Kompare & Rizzo, 2008).
Hu, F. B., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G., Liu, S., Solomon, C. G., & Willett, W. C. (2001). Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. New England Journal of Medicine, 345(11), 790-797.
All in all, my mother’s family who suffered from diabetes were considered to be obese. Although medications, exercise, or dieting will not for sure cure anyone, had they taken better precautions it is possible they may have lived a longer life. Being a genetic trait in my family I find it important to work out and watch what I eat so that I can avoid getting any types of diabetes. Make it your goal to be aware of what you are doing in your everyday life because you never knew if what you eat or do today will affect you tomorrow.
Your genetic information determines the genes you inherit that may cause or elevate your risk of certain medical conditions. My family genogram clearly indicates the risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D), heart disease (HD), hypercholesterolemia (HC) and hypertension (HTN). Heart disease is indicated on both maternal and paternal side and even though T2D only shows on my paternal side, the other diseases such as HC and HTN that are on my maternal side are risk factors for developing diabetes. According to Pessoa Marinho et al. (2013), the genetic and environmental risk factors that influence T2D development are: “age, gender, ethnicity, family history, obesity, inactivity, gestational diabetes, macrosomia, hypertension, decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, increased triglycerides, cardiovascular diseases, micropolycystic ovary syndrome, high blood glucose on previous testing, impaired glucose tolerance and glycated hemoglobin ≥5.7%” (Pessoa Marinho et al., 2013, p. 570). Bianco et al. (2013) states, “the maternal influence confirms the hereditary role in the diabetes pathogenesis that women with positive family history to the illness presented...
Heart disease and obesity goes hand in hand. There is much more of a common occurrence for people who are overweight will more and li...
Genetics plays a major role in obesity; inherited genes sometimes contribute to the accumulation of fat in the body. Over 200 genes have effect on the weight having repercussions from physical activity, food choices and metabolism. Therefore, genes may increase the vulnerability of a person to become obese. Family eating patterns and social tendencies can also trigger obesity. Moreover, environmental circumstances such as availability of food high in calories and fat and the increase of the portions and combination selections in meals contribute to the development of fat accumulated for years in the body (Whitney & Rolfes, 2011, pg. 277).
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complicated condition that involves the endocrine system. Research have shown that it is a condition that is often present in women of reproductive ages, its main cause is not fully understood, but researcher have speculate that it is mainly a result from factors such as obesity, excessive insulin production and genetics. Women with this condition often present with excess androgen production, irregular periods, and polycystic ovaries-enlarged ovaries which contain fluid. Because of the excessive androgen production ovulation problems, acne, excessive body, facial hair (Hirsutism), baldness and increased obesity occur (Legro, Arslanian, Ehrmann, Hoeger, Murad, Pasquali, & Welt, 2013). Another entity that is present with PCOS is abnormally
Heart failure is a condition in which the heart muscle becomes too weak to maintain an adequate cardiac output to meet the body’s oxygen demands (Wilmore, et al., 2008). Hypertension is a sustained condition when the blood pressure exceeds 140/90 mm Hg. It is estimated that about thirty percent of people ages fifty and over have hypertension. Type II diabetes is considered a milder form of diabetes and is characterized by impaired insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or excessive glucose output from the liver (Wilmore, et al., 2008). The consequences of uncontrolled and untreated Type II diabetes, however, are the just as serious as those for Type I. This form is also called noninsulin-dependent diabetes, a term that is somewhat misleading. Many people with Type II diabetes can control the condition with diet and oral medications, however, insulin injections are sometimes necessary if treatment with diet and oral medication is not working. Gallbladder diseases from obesity mainly consist of Cholecystitis which is inflammation of the gallbladder. Osteoarthritis is a progressive disorder of the joints caused by gr...
Genes play a major role in developing type 2 diabetes as a person’s risk can increase or decrease due to having certain genes or a combination of genes. Type 2 diabetes has a strong genetic component ("Genetic Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes"). The common genes that make a person predisposed to developing type 2 diabetes are TCF7L2, CAPN10, ABCC8, GLUT2, and GCGR. Since gene mutations cannot cause type 2 diabetes alone, they interact with certain risk factors to increase the predisposition of developing type 2 diabetes. Some of these factors include: weight, inactivity, family history, and race ("Diabetes Risk factors"). Having both certain gene mutations and certain risk factors increase the susceptibility of a person getting
Require a few infusions of various sorts of insulin amid the day to keep the glucose level inside a genuinely typical reach.
...ian Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common female endocrine conditions. It affects about 5 to 10 percent of women of reproductive age14. Women who have PCOS often suffer from high levels of hormones called androgens – a steroid hormone that regulates the development of male characteristics-14. This syndrome results in obesity, excessive hair growth, reproductive problems and other health issues.