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Levels of prevention of tuberculosis
An essay on tuberculosis
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Epidemiology: Tuberculosis A low-grade fever, weight loss, lethargy, night sweats, respiratory congestion, cough, and hemoptysis, are symptoms indicative of Tuberculosis. A positive skin test, abnormal chest x-ray and a positive sputum culture are indicators of Tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is transmitted by inhalation of respiratory droplets containing bacteria. This excerpt depicts tuberculosis and its history and prevalence. In an effort to analyze the natural history of a disease, an epidemiological triangle is used. An epidemiological triangle is comprised of a susceptible host or individual, environment, and a causative agent. The host tends to have low immunity, poor nutrition, and a concurrent disease. The host tends to have poor …show more content…
Its epidemiological importance is illustrated by World Health Organization Prevention of Tuberculosis includes better living conditions, proper nutrition, and positive health practices” (Fogel, 2015, p.530). Positive health practices include covering nose and mouth when coughing and frequent hand washing. Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccine tends to be given in other countries. Tuberculosis is known as one of the main causes of mortality in the world. This communicable disease is a serious public health conundrum. “The disease still puts a strain on public health, being only second to HIV/AIDS in causing high mortality rates” (Matteelli, Roggi, & Carvalho, 2014, p. …show more content…
37). Thelin had never done home health nursing before and quickly learned that home health nursing was not for her. Mrs. Osler was apart of the antituberculosis movement; she sent letters to all Baltimore residents, as a way to support the tuberculosis nurses. The money she collected went to tuberculosis nurses, as well as, the visiting nurse associations that provided tuberculosis care. According to Maurer & Smith
Paul Farmer was born in Massachusetts in 1959, went to Harvard Medical School, became a doctor, and ended up living and working in Haiti. He co-founded an organization in 1987 called Partners in Health (PIH). The philosophy behind the organization is that everyone, no matter who or where has a right to health care. Paul Farmer and PIH have already made amazing progress in Haiti, Peru, and several other countries, helping people get the care they need. PIH’s website lists a detailed history of they and Farmer’s work in Haiti. When Paul Farmer first came to Cange, Haiti as a medical student in 1983, the place was in shambles. In 1956, a dam was built on the Artibonite River, flooding the village and forcing the residents to move up into the hills. Many of these displaced villagers were still essentially homeless after nearly thirty years, and had little access to quality health care. With the founding of the Zanmi Lasante clinic later in 1983, Farmer and his friend Ophelia Dahl set the people of Cange on the road to recovery by providing access to doctors, medicine, and emergency care, all completely free. (“Partners”) One of Farmer’s focuses was on tuberculosis (TB) and has had much success on this front. Through new studies and methods such as active case finding and community health workers, as well as his work with multidrug-resistant TB, Paul Farmer has revolutionized treatment of tuberculosis in Haiti and around the world.
Beneson, Abram. Control of Communicable Diseases in Man. New York: The American Public Health Association, 1970.
Tuberculosis or TB is an airborn infection caused by inhaled droplets that contain mycobacterium tuberculosis. When infected, the body will initiate a cell-mediated hypersensitivity response which leads to formation of lesion or cavity and positive reaction to tuberculin skin test (Kaufman, 2011). People who have been infected with mycobacteria will have a positive skin test, but only ones who have active TB will show signs and symtoms. Basic signs and symptoms include low grade fever, cough with hemoptysis, and tachypnea. They may also show pleuristic chest pain, dyspnea, progressive weight loss, fatigue and malaise (Porth, 2011).
loss of appetite. A person with the TB disease in the late stages will cough up
Other sites in the body that can be infected by M. tuberculosis are: brain, kidney, bone, spine, skin, and lymph nodes.
The relationship between medicine and public health has a complex aspect. They both are essential to keep communities safe from illnesses. However, medicine focuses on individuals who are ill and public health focuses on preventing illness. The two fields of study share epidemiology as a common source of knowledge to achieve their goals. The Ghost Map by Steven Johnson tells the story of John Snow, the man known as “the father of Epidemiology”. Donald McNeil JR. follows a modern day use of epidemiology as a basis for medicine and public health in his book Zika: The Emerging Epidemic. This essay details the role of epidemiology as a connector between prevention and treatment of an illness.
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infection that can attack any part of the body, but it is normally found in the lungs (Huether, McCance, Brashers and Rote, 2008). TB is an infection caused by an acid-fast bacillus also known as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Huether et al. 2008) It is one of the leading causes of death in Asia, China, India, Indonesia and Pakistan (Huether et al. 2008). The 'Secondary' of the 'Secondary' of the 'Secondary' of the 'Secondary' of the 'Secondary' of the 'Secondary' of the 'Secondary' of the These countries show that in most cases the incidence rate is highest in young adults, and are usually the result of re-infection in recent infections. The spread of TB is attributed to the emigration of infected people from high-prevalent countries, substance abuse, poverty, transmission in crowd places, and the lack of proper medical care for the infected individuals (Huether et al. 2008).
As a population it is extremely important for us to be aware of the diseases that can be contagious to us. By having this opportunity to write a paper about epidemiology I will be able to do more research about epidemiology, so I can increase my knowledge about it and also be able to provide accurate information to the reader. In this essay I am going to write about epidemiology by describing what is epidemiology, how is it impact nursing care, talk about the work of several researcher such as John Snow, Ronald Ross, Janet-Claypon, Alexander Fleming, Frank Fenner by describing their work, and their current impact on nursing, and talk about some of the areas that has been affected with epidemiology in our society.
Tuberculosis is transmitted by inhalation of aerosols containing the tubercle bacilli. The required inoculum size for infection is usually high, but easily occurs with exposure to a patient who is currently infected. The products of dried aerosols, droplet nuclei, are particularly infectious because they remain in the air for an extended time, and upon inhalation easily move to the alveoli. The severe damage related to infection is caused by the reaction of the host. The tuberculosis infection has two phases, primary and secondary.
Hoff, Brent, Carter Smith, and Charles H. Calisher. Mapping Epidemics: A Historical Atlas of Disease. New York: Franklin Watts, 2000. Print.
The knowledge of cause and effect can help to predict the outcome of the disease, however, the understanding of the two are difficult to achieve in epidemiology because of the long natural history of diseases, primarily, the purpose of studying them is to produce knowledge to prevent and control diseases (Bonita et al 2006). Therefore, understanding causes and effects gives epidemiology the status of a science.
As part of my study in Admission, Transfer and Discharge I will discuss on my essay regarding Admission of patient with an infectious disease namely tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria, usually mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis typically attacks the lungs, and spreads through the air. An individual who have active tuberculosis transmits the infection through the air by coughing, and sneezing. The most common symptoms of active tuberculosis are persistent cough of more than three weeks that brings blood-tinged sputum, night sweats, lack of appetite and weight loss, breathlessness which is usually mild to begin with and gradually gets worse and an extreme fatigue with unexplained pain. The ratio of tuberculosis is very high among the high risks groups, particularly the elders, smokers and those with compromised immune systems such as people living with HIV, malnutrition and diabetes.
The bacteria that cause tuberculosis are spread through the air. This means that tuberculosis is contagious. If the bacteria are inactive in the body, it is called latent tuberculosis infection. The inactive bacteria eventually become active. Medication most of the time gets rid of the inactive bacteria before it becomes active.
If you’ve worked in the medical field, whether as a CNA or even a doctor, the odds are that you’ve encountered (or at least heard of) tuberculosis in some form or another. You most likely heard of it when you received your TB shot. As a person with a pseudo-phobia of needles, I remember the event quite well. In North America, tuberculosis is not a great danger and as such the majority of the population does not receive the vaccine for it. Only those who are the highest risk tend to get the vaccine, and that just happens to be personnel in the medical community.
4.) Means-Markwell, MC, USNR, LCDR Melissa. Prevention of tuberculosis. Aug 2000 Postgraduate Medicine. 16 July 2006 .