bonding(O-H) between the chains, so there is also weak dipole-dipole moment. These side by side long chains are called sheets of cellulose. The sheets are held one on top of the other by Van der Waals forces. The geometry of the short, carbon-hydrogen bonds minimizes the distance between layers and, therefore, Van der Waals forces are maximized. The paper has polar and nonpolar parts; it has a strong affinity to itself and materials
Retrieved 12 March 2017, from http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/bonding/hbond.html intermolecular bonding - van der Waals forces. (2017). Chemguide.co.uk. Retrieved 12 March 2017, from http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/bonding/vdw.html Kaplan, M. (2014). CND: Glucuronidation. Anapsid.org. Retrieved 12 March 2017, from http://www.anapsid.org/cnd/hormones/glucuronidation.html London Dispersion Forces. (2017). Chem.purdue.edu. Retrieved 12 March 2017, from https://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/disperse
Lab: Triple Point of Dry Ice Introduction When a substance undergoes a triple point change, then it goes through all three of the states of matter: solid, liquid, as well as gas. When all three matters exist at the same time, it is extremely rare and an interesting sight to experience. A triple point is defined, specifically, as “ the temperature and pressure at which the solid, liquid, and vapor phases of a pure substance can coexist in equilibrium” (1). An excellent example of a substance
would be 79◦C. There are four types of intermolecular forces that are hydrogen bonding, ionic bonding, van der Waals: dipole-dipole interactions, and van der Waals: dispersion interactions. Alcohols have a high melting point and boiling point than similar size alkane molecules. This is due to the fact that alcohols are bonded by hydrogen bonds and alkanes are bonded with dispersion forces. The hydrogen bonds are stronger than dispersion forces as in the hydrogen
3000 minerals in the nature. The minerals separate from the each other with their specific chemical and atomic structure. They crystallize regularly in 3-Dimesions. When that happens, some forces bind together the atoms and lead to the formation of an aggregate as an independent molecular species. These forces are called the chemical bonds and they have four main types; covalent, ionic,
Why might proteins denature at different temperatures? One hypothesis is that the proteins will not denature at the same temperatures. This can be tested by putting different proteins through the same process to see the different effects the same force has on them and checking and recording the temperature as the protein starts to denature. This project is interesting to learn about, because it shows
Lecithin will facilitate agglomeration during spray drying. During spray drying process, the hydrophobic portion of emulsifier will dissolve in the cocoa butter, orienting the hydrophilic portion of the phospholipid toward the surface of particle. (Van Nieuwenenhuyzen,1981). This increased affinity of the cocoa powder for water aids dispersion and
Molecular docking is a key tool in structural molecular biology and computer-assisted drug design. The goal of ligand—protein docking is to predict the predominant binding mode(s) of a ligand with a protein of known three-dimensional structure. Successful docking methods search high-dimensional spaces effectively and use a scoring function that correctly ranks candidate dockings. Garrett M. Morris and Marguerita Lim-Wilby, Molecular Docking, In Molecular Modeling of Proteins Methods in Molecular
Force Force, commonly, a “push” or “pull,” more properly defined in physics as a quantity that changes the motion, size, or shape of a body. Force is a vector quantity, having both magnitude and direction. The magnitude of a force is measured in units such as the pound, dyne, and Newton, depending upon the system of measurement being used. Unbalanced force acting on a body free to move will change the motion of the body. The quantity of motion of a body is measured by its momentum, the product
Good morning/ afternoon ladies and gentleman, my name is Gurkaran Banipal, and my presentation is on Carbon Nanotubes or also known as CNTs. Did you know theses nanotubes are constructed with a length-to-diameter ratio of up to 132,000,000:1, significantly larger than for any other material present and they are lighter than plastic, stronger than steel, harder than diamond, and conduct electricity better than copper. Carbon nanotubes are a revolutionary development that has a very distinguished structure
Electrostatic Forces They occur between electrically charged particles and are described by Coulomb’s law. Liquid Bridge Forces Surface tension effects in wet particle assemblies cause the Liquid bridge forces. When the particle diameter is 1 mm, then these forces become dominant. Liquid Bridge Model When a liquid phase and dry granular material are added to each other, then different forms
chemical properties. In this topic, we will understand more about the physical properties of haloalkanes and haloarenes. Physical properties of any compound primarily depend upon The mass of the compound Different forces of attraction including intermolecular and intramolecular forces of attraction. When a hydrogen atom in an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon is replaced by halogen
allows for a direct physical picture and interpretation. In particular, the forces exerted on a nucleus in a molecule by the other nuclei and by the electronic charge density may be rigorously calculated and interpreted in terms of classical electrostatics. Thus, given the molecular charge distribution, the stability of a chemical bond may be discussed in terms of the electrostatic requirement of achieving a zero force on the nuclei in the molecule. A chemical bond is the result of the accumulation
As transistors get smaller and smaller, silicone transistors are shrinking rapidly to nearly atomic scale. As silicone transistors reach that size, it starts to become ineffective. Transistors has reached a saturation limit, where if made smaller electrons cannot be stopped from source to drain. Graphene now comes into the pictures. Graphene, is the hot topic that every physicists, material scientists, and electrical engineers have been talking about. Why did it garner such popularity in the scientific
argument on page 1 stating, “In our opinion, this structure is unsatisfactory for two reasons: (l) We believe that the material which gives the X-ray diagrams is the salt, not the free acid. Without the acidic hydrogen atoms, it is not clear what forces would hold the structure together, especially is
The Structure of Proteins Introduction Campbell and Farrell define proteins as polymers of amino acids that have been covalently joined through peptide bonds to form amino acid chains (61). A short amino acid chain comprising of thirty amino acids forms a peptide, and a longer chain of amino acids forms a polypeptide or a protein. Each of the amino acids making up a protein, has a fundamental design that comprises of a central carbon or alpha carbon that is bonded to a hydrogen element, an amino
NATURAL DNA POLYMERS Polymers are some of the core factors that enable the continuation of life, which is both the natural and the synthetic ones. Over time since the beginning of life, natural polymers were the main supports to living things. Eventually, in line with human development, synthetic polymers has become a valuable addition to the available and usable polymers. Natural Polymers are the RNA and DNA vital in genes for life processes. As a matter of fact, the messenger RNA is the main component
Structure and Biological Significance of Lipids Lipids are made up of a wide variety of molecules, but they all contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, with a much higher percentage of carbon and hydrogen molecules than oxygen. There are three kinds of lipids in living organisms: triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids (hormones). Triglycerides are made up of a glycerol molecule, with three fatty acid chains attached by ester linkages. Glycerol is an alcohol containing 3 carbon atoms
formed which is usually a sweet and ‘fruity’ aroma. Physical properties Small esters can be easily confused as they have similar boiling points to ketones, aldehyde with the same amount of carbon atoms attached. Esters are polar molecules with Van Der Waals forces and dipole-dipole bonds. An example of this would be the carboxylic acid Butanoic acid has a boiling point of 164OC where as the ester Ethyl acet...
I find it fascinating that we can make a gel from an animal product (gelatin) but we can also replicate that with a plant product like pectin. The gel structure not only is important for structure, it is essential to keep the product from deforming, adding flavor, increasing stability, texture, etc. It is really interesting to know that we can easily make such products. After doing some research I found three products; shirataki (tofu) noodles, instant puddings, and gummy confectionaries all have