Introduction Supercooling is the procedure of cooling a liquid below its normal freezing point without freezing (Science Daily). How does it do that? Why does it do that? Who came up with it? Get ready, because supercooling is super cool. Supercooling is a state where liquids doesn't freeze below their normal freezing point 32 degrees (ESRF). The liquid is stuck in something called a metastable state. This is state where something can exist in long lived states that are less stable than the
1) Achievement of supersaturation or supercooling 2) Formation of crystal nuclei 3) Successive growth of crystals to get distinct faces Ostwald’s Diagram Ostwald was appeared to be the first to explain the relationship between supersaturation and spontaneous crystallization. The relationship between the concentration and temperature is schematically shown in Figure 1. Extensive research has been carried out to explain the relationship between supersaturation and spontaneous crystallization
mass of 2mL of the solvent, p-xylene, was measured as well as the mass of 10 drops of toluene, the solute. The temperature of the solution rose to the freezing point after supercooling, then continued to drop as the solution froze, versus stabilizing as the pure p-xylene did. The maximum temperature obtained after supercooling was recorded as the freezing point of the solution. This process was repeated three times, each with a new test tube and the same beaker and scale for measuring the masses
The freezing point of p-xylene was calculated by taking the average calculated Kf of the three trials of the p-xylene and toluene solution. The average of the three trials was computed as 4.56(C/m) as shown in Table 1, however, the theoretical value was slightly lower than calculated, 4.3(C/m). This resulted in a 6.04% error as shown in Equation 5; possible causes of error could have resulted from adding too much solute or too little solvent, then the calculations would have been off given that the
Introduction: Chemical equilibrium is a crucial topic in Chemistry. To represent and model equilibrium, the thermodynamic concept of Free energy is usually used. For a multi-component system the Gibbs free energy is a function of Pressure, Temperature and quantity (mass, moles) of each component. If one of these parameters is changed, a state change to a more energetically favorable state will occur. This state has the lowest free energy. When the free energy of all states are equal to each other
The strength of the Big Bang theory lies in the evidence for it, not the mechanism used to explain it. Actually, the theory has been revised a great deal since its first proposition and is probably not exactly as you think it is. I'll explain it in the order of historical development. My apologies if this is a bit technical - don't worry if you don't understand it all. The theory was first proposed in the 1930s, based on Edwin Hubble's discovery that distant galaxies are receding. Hubble measured
Computer chips have opened the doors for so many technologies to succeed and automated many of the trivial functions of work that once took hundreds of hours to complete The discovery, research and evolution of semiconductors has made this technology possible. Semiconductors are one of the essential building blocks for computer chips and without them modern computing would not be possible. “Simply defined, semiconductors are generally certain elements (such as silicon) and chemical compounds (such