3 per cent by 2030 . Statins are the treatment of choice for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease and in the management of hypercholesterolaemia because of their proven efficacy and safety profile. Evidences are showing their effectiveness in reduction of cholesterol synthesis and number of pleiotropic effects, which may be cholesterol dependent and cholesterol independent. The present review focus on the origin, properties and effects of statins on endothelial function
Statins are drugs that can lower your cholesterol. They work by blocking a substance your body needs to make cholesterol. Statins may also help your body reabsorb cholesterol that has built up in plaques on your artery walls, preventing further blockage in your blood vessels and heart attacks. Statins include medications such as atorvastatin (Lipitor), fluvastatin (Lescol), lovastatin (Altoprev), pitavastatin (Livalo), pravastatin (Pravachol), rosuvastatin (Crestor) and simvastatin (Zocor). Lower-cost
the LDL by 1 % would reduce the risk by 1.7 %.1-4, 7, 9, 13 Lipid altering drugs include several classes of medications each of which have their own mechanism of action. Statins inhibit HMG CoA reductase (hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductase), which is the rate-limiting enzyme for the production of cholesterol in the liver. Statins competitively inhibit this enzyme and induce an increased expression of LDL receptors in the liver. Which in turn increases the uptake catabolism of serum LDL into the liver
Quijano #34 2SLP Hypertriglyceridemia Introduction Hypertriglyceridemia is a condition where in there is an alarmingly high concentration of triglyceride in the blood. Triglycerides or triacylglcerol is a lipid formed by esterfication of three fatty acids to a glycerol molecule it is a type of fat found in the blood. When it comes to dietary discussions the term fat usually is used to substitute for triacylglycerol. The normal triglyceride level in the blood is <150mg/dl, people with Hypertiglyceridemia
triglycerides. Hyperlipidemia is a condition that shows no symptoms and can only be diagnosed through blood tests. The treatment is aimed at lowering the LDL cholesterol, which is bad cholesterol. A variety of medications are used in the treatment including statin drugs, fibrates and bile acid sequestrants. Overall the condition is treatable with the right lifestyle modifications and overall healthy diet. Hyperlipidemia Hyperlipidemia is an excess of fat like substances in the bloodstream that include cholesterol
Stroke is an important leading cause of disability among adults in the United States. About 0.4% of people over the age of 45 years have a first stroke each year in the United States, Australia, and Europe. It is the second most common cause of death after myocardial infarction and is a leading cause of acquired disability. In some regions, the combined incidence of stroke and transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) exceeds the incidence of coronary vascular events.1 Despite advances in preventive strategies
BME 792 Courtney Kinser Term Paper 05/04/18 Abstract Statins are currently the gold standard in treatment of atherosclerosis, with the aim of reducing serum low density lipoprotein levels. However, recent research supports atherosclerosis as a complex inflammatory condition, with the benefits of statins being partially attributed to their effects on smooth muscle cells, plaque stability and endothelial function, as well as their involvement in macrophages and the inflammatory response. Traditionally
Cholesterol High cholesterol is the best known of all the many threats to a healthy heart. When excess amounts fatty like plaque substance build up along the walls of the arteries, you face a significantly higher risk of a complete blockage, leading to a heart attack or stroke. At normal levels, cholesterol is not a bad thing. On the other hand, its an essential material used by the body to make cell walls and produce hormones, such as testosterone and estrogen. The body produces its own supply
evidence-based practice (EBP) utilization around the American College of Cardiology's (ACC) and American Heart Association (AHA) recommendation that all patients aged 40-75 with diabetes and normal LDL levels should be prescribed a moderate-intensity statin (Stone, 2014). The implementation plan below intends to increase EBP utilization in patients with diabetes in a rural primary care clinic. Implementation Plan Kotter’s Change Theory John Kotter’s Change Theory is an eight-step process that
C and Sima A (2001) Statins: mechanism of action and effects Published in J.Cell.Mol.Med. Vol 5, No 4, 2001 pp. 378-387 Varghese Z, Fernando R, Moorhead J. F, Powis S. H, and Ruan X. Z (2005) ‘Effects of sirolimus on mesangial cell cholesterol homeostasis: a novel mechanism for its action against lipid-mediated injury in renal allografts’ Published in Translational Physiology :London, Vaughan C. J, Gotto A. M Jr., and Basson C. T, (2000) ‘The evolving role of statins in the management of
A herb-drug interaction is defined as any pharmacological modification caused by a herbal substance(s) to another exogenous-chemical (e.g. a prescription medication) in the diagnostic, therapeutic or other action of a drug in or on the body (Brazier and Levine, 2003). This relates to drug-drug interactions, herb-herb interaction or drug-food interaction. A herb can potentially mimic, magnify or reduce the effects of co-administered drugs and the consequences of these interactions can be beneficial
Cynthia is a 65 year old African American female diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, hypertension, kidney disease, hyperlipidemia and hypothyroidism. Assessment and plan of treatment for Cynthia Diabetes Mellitus: Will treat with Glipizide 5 mg po daily Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: Will treat with Duloxetine 60mg po daily. Hypertension: Will treat with Lisinopril 10mg po daily. Kidney disease: Will treat with Lisinopril 10mg po daily Hyperlipidemia: Will treat
Introduction Acute pancreatitis following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) appears to be the most frequent major complication, occurring in 1-10% of patients overall, with a mortality rate ranging from 0.2-0.6% and an annual healthcare expenditure cost reaching $150 million in USA alone (1) (2). Several risk factors have been reported to play a role in ERCP-induced pancreatitis; some are patient-related (i.e. sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD), female gender, history of pancreatitis
We have all heard about cholesterol in thousands of heath articles. Cholesterol effects heath of everybody around the world. Our blood cholesterol level has a lot to do with the possibilities of getting heart disease. High cholesterol is one of the biggest threats and the best known for heart disease. Heart disease is the number one killer of people in the United States. Each year, more than a million Americans have heart attacks, and about half of that number die from heart disease. In order to
Atherosclerosis is a disease that occurs when arteries become blocked, inflamed, or hardened. As a result of this, blood cannot easily pass through the artery, and blood pressure increases. Many people suffer from atherosclerosis as they age, but young people can be affected by atherosclerosis also. There are many preventative steps that can be taken to decrease the risk of atherosclerosis; however, if atherosclerosis does develop in the arteries, medications can be given to help the individual receive
In the simplest terms, hypercholesterolemia may be any excessive amount of cholesterol in the blood. The clinical definition however, as outlined by the University of Maryland Medical Center [UMMC] (2010), considers a total cholesterol level of 240 mg/dL or higher to be high cholesterol. Within this total is the level of high-density lipoproteins (HDL or “good” cholesterol) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL or “bad” cholesterol). Below 40 mg/dL is considered poor for HDL, while an optimal level
Improving Health: One Patient at a Time Patient Data Mary is a 52-year-old woman with poorly controlled hypertension who came into the office today because she has become increasing inactive over the past 8 years as a result of work and life stresses, including chaperoning 2 teenage daughters to clubs and dance classes. Mary complains of persistent fatigue and a vague feeling of malaise. She denies having shortness of breath or chest pains but states that she "barely does anything more physical
continue to monitor her leg pain and also check on her blood glucose levels, CK levels, and LFT. Patient Education: It will be mentioned how statins may cause muscle pain and to not take any pain relievers for her myalgia, rather contact her provider as it may be due to the statin. Collaboration: Inform the patient’s providers of the change in the patient’s statin medication. 4. PUD: Non-drug therapy: The patient should avoid spicy food and excessive alcohol consumption. Also, the patient should
Currently, John Martin is at high risk for a heart attack within the next 10 years. His blood pressure is high, HDL is low, and he is a smoker. While it has been determined that Mr. Martin does not have metabolic syndrome, it is imperative that he make the following changes in order to ensure a long, healthy life. John Martin’s systolic blood pressure was recorded at 148 mm/Hg, a borderline high number. An optimal systolic blood pressure is 120 mm/Hg for adults. Currently, Mr. Martin is in the
1. Introduction The main aim of this report is to present and analyse the disease called Cerebrovascular Accident popularly known as stroke. This disease affects the cerebrovascular system, which is a part of the cardiovascular system. To achieve this aim this report will firstly talk about the cerebrovascular system with its structure and functions. The main body of this report will look at causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatments and prevention of stroke. 2. Cerebrovascular system a) Overview