mediated by nuclear receptors (4). These nuclear receptors include retinoic acid receptors α, β, γ, and retinoid x receptors α, β, and γ. Retinoids affect many different pathways. Some of the same pathways that retinoids affect are also affected when a person has Alzheimer’s disease. Retinoids regulate the expression receptors, neurotransmitter transporters, cell surface receptors, gene encoding enzymes, transcription factors, and neuropeptide hormones (3). A decrease in retinoic acid signaling may be
Normally, retinoic acid plays roles in many bodily functions, such as proliferation, differentiation, embryogenesis, immunity, and metabolism. When treated with retinoic acid HL-60 cells produce granulocytes (3). Retinoic acid worked well both in vitro, during laboratory testing, and in vivo, during clinical trials (2). Another highly tested differentiation therapy agent
the Chick Embryo: Cholinergic Neurons. Developmental Brain Research, 56:223-228 (1990). Burd, L. and Martsolf, J. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis and Syndromal Variability. Physiology and Behavior, 46:39-43 (1989). Keir, W. Inhibition of Retinoic Acid Synthesis and its Implications in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Alcoholism. 15/3:560-564 (1991).
The drug competitively inhibits the binding of androgens to androgen receptors [Katsambas]. Additional antiandrogenic effects of spironolactone may also include inhibition of enzymatic conversion of androstenedione to testosterone, inhibition of 5-alpha reductase, and increased steroid-hormone binding globulin [George]. The
BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE DIVISION OF GRADUATE MEDICAL SCIENCES CANDIDATE Thesis RETINOIC ACID REGULATION OF LIMB REGENERATION IN AMBYSTOMA MEXICANUM AND OTHER REGENERATES by ANDREW JUNGSOO KIM B.A., Vassar College, 2013 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science 2017 © 2016 by ANDREW JUNGSOO KIM All rights reserved Approved by First Reader Elizabeth Whitney, Ph.D
Vitamin D plays an integral role in multiple systems in the human body, from its function in Calcium and Phosphorus metabolism, to modulation of the immune and reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases (Grober et al. 2013). Unfortunately, factors such as diet, geographic position, and skin pigmentation are contributing to an increase of prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency around the world, consequently leading to a higher rate of associated illnesses. Namely, Cardiovascular Diseases such as Coronary
vitamin A, is not biologically active. Rather, it serves as the metabolic precursor for the active retinoids (Chapman 2012). Oxidation at C-15 converts retinol to the visual pigment retinal, while subsequent oxidation of the aldehyde produces retinoic acid, which is involved in gene transcription (Figure 1). It is important for the body to maintain plasma retinol homeostasis to serve as a precursor reservoir for these active retinoids. Mobilization of Vitamin A from the liver and its circulation
have. Bibliograpghy 1. Cancer Treatment. W.B. Saunders Company, USA, 1995. pp 18, 23, 31-32, 51, 305-306. 2. Cytokines in Cancer Therapy. Francis R. Balkwill. Oxford University Press, NY, 1989. pp 1-8. 3. Prospects for Antisense Nucleic Acid Therapy of Cancer and AIDS. Eric Wickstrom, Ed. Wiley-Liss, Inc., NY, 1991. pp 25-33, 35-51, 125-141. 4. Circadian Cancer Therapy. William J. M. Hrushesky, Ed. CRC Press, Inc., MI, 1994. pp 3-9, 279-281. 5. Unconventional Cancer Treatments
also pass through the GJP and trigger even more Ca2+ release from the adjacent Ca2+ reserves. Apoptotic signals can also trigger the release of Cytochrome c from the mitochondria, which binds to the IP3R to prevent Ca2+-dependent inhibition of the receptor. This allows the ER to continue the release of Ca2+. During ischemia, Cytochrome c and other ROS will be increased in production. Since the release of ROS is one of many signals for apoptosis, antioxidants like MnSOD are effective in reversing the
focus on estrogen receptor inhibition in mammary and endometrial cell lines. The estrogen receptor is heavily targeted in breast cancer treatment because it is easy to inhibit has strong affinity for binding to many molecules mimicking the estrogen hormone - inducing cell proliferation in the breast and endometrium. Estrogen receptor drugs are known as selective-estrogen receptor modulators or SERMS, which are effective in estrogen-receptor positive (ER+) and hormone-estrogen receptor 2 positive (HER2+)
It is widely accepted that race is a social, rather than biological, construct (Laden, 2016). How, then, do biological disparities exist among socially defined races? The answer lies in the nascent field of epigenetics, which studies the environmental influences that can change gene expression and therefore biological functions. The primary mechanisms through which epigenetic changes occur are DNA methylation and histone modifications, both methylation and acetylation (Kuwaza & Sweet, 2009). DNA
Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) is the 8th and 13th most common malignancy in the world for males and females, respectively, with the majority of malignancies of the upper aero-digestive tract being oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) (Warnakulasuriya, 2009; Scully and Bagan, 2009; Nicole et al., 2010). The highest incidence of OSCC is found in India due to the increased preponderance of habits like chewing tobacco, betel quid and areca-nut which are the most important risk factors
Review of Literature History The word ‘asthma’ is derived from the Greek verb “aazein”, which means to exhale with open mouth in literal meaning [7]. The entity of asthma was first mentioned in 8th century BC, in Iliad by Greek poet Homer, as a complaint of a short-drawn breath, but the earliest mention of asthma in a medical view was done by Hippocrates in 4th century BC. Greek philosopher Hippocrates, in his text The Corpus Hippocraticum, in which asthma was first described as “the condition that