The bridges of the ancient city of Königsberg posed a famous and almost problematic challenge a few centuries ago. But this isn’t just about the math problem; it’s also a story about a famous Swiss mathematician named Leonhard Euler who founded the study of topology and graph theory by solving this problem. The effects of this problem have lasted centuries, and have helped develop several parts of our understanding of mathematics. We don’t hear too much about Euler, but he is one of the most important
Around the date 1763, a problem arose in Königsberg, Germany (Diestel). This problem began with a few curious citizens but soon spread to scientists and other intellects, and eventually became known as the Königsberg Bridge Problem. The town of Königsberg was cut into four separate land masses by the river Pregel (Green). At the time, Königsberg was a large trading city, valuable because of its position on the river. The prosperity of the city allowed the people to build seven bridges so citizens
The Königsberg Bridges have posed a philosophical problem in scientific explanation whether explanations should be causal and non-causal. The goal scientific explanation is to explain why events in the physical world have occurred. Specifically, scientific explanations are concerned with causes. Causes are an important part of scientific explanation because it helps to understand why a phenomenon has occurred. Causes of a phenomenon help to understand how explanations work, or why a phenomenon occurs
attends school, plays soccer, goes to skiing competitions, and is gay. Despite all his other qualities and accomplishments, the community of Boulder acknowledges and treats Rafe differently based on the fact that he is gay. In Openly Straight by Bill Konigsberg, the alienation of Rafe illustrates the community of Boulder and that being gay is not only abnormal and frowned upon, but indeed justifies segregating him from his community. The community of Boulder depicts and refers to Rafe as that one gay
times. In this paper, we focus on an amazing mathematician who excelled in pure mathematics despite his physical inability of total blindness. This mathematician is Leonard Euler. Index Terms—Leonard Euler, Euler Characteristic, Seven Bridges of Konigsberg, Zeta Function Introduction The invention of calculus started in the second half of the 17th Century. The few preceding centuries, known as the Renaissance period, marked a time of prosperity in different areas throughout Europe. Different philosophies
Born: 12 March 1824 in Königsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia) Died: 17 Oct 1887 in Berlin, Germany Gustav Kirchhoff 's father was Friedrich Kirchhoff, a lawyer in Königsberg. Gustav's mother was Johanna Henriette Wittke. In 1988 Gustav Kirchhoff went to the Albertus University of Königsberg to study math when he was at the age of 18. In 1833 Frans Neuman and Jakobi set up a mathematics-physics seminar at Königsberg. Kirchhoff attented at the seminar from 1843 to 1846. It was while
He was the fourth of nine children of Johann Georg and Anna Regina Kant, German philosopher Immanuel Kant was born in Konigsberg, East Prussia in 1724. Son of a humble saddler, his family belonged to a Protestant religious group of Pietists ,religion was a very improtant part in every aspect of their lives. Even though Kant was critical of formal religion, he still admired the conduct of Pietists. Kant’s went to elementary school at Saint George’s Hospital School and then went to the Collegium
Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher during the Enlightenment, a time when dramatic changes were taking place in philosophy, the sciences, and politics. He was born on April 22, 1724 in Konigsberg, Prussia, a town that he would never leave. His father was a saddle maker, and his mother was known for her character and natural intelligence. Kant’s family lived modestly, and was active in the Pietism branch of the Lutheran Church. Kant’s pastor made it possible for him to receive an education, by
works impacted mathematics as well as physics and he contributed his knowledge to many major areas of the math world. Hilbert is known as one of the founders of mathematical logic and proof theory. On January 23, 1862, David Hilbert was born in Königsberg, Prussia, which is now Kaliningrad, Russia. His father, Otto Hilbert, was a judge and a high ranking Privy Councillor, and his family were in the legal business. His mother, Maria Therese Erdtmann Hilbert, was very influential in David Hilbert’s
the third part, especially Immanuel Kant, having the benefit of hindsight, are able to encompass the movement from faith to reason in their writings. The basic details of Kant's biographic life take very little space. He was born in 1724 in Konigsberg, the capital of East Prussia and one of Frederick the Great's garrison towns. Kant knew what it was like to live as a peasant, since he came from a peasant family. His father was a harness maker. From an early age, Kant showed much intellectual
place in Arizona that would make her straight. But, she tells him “I saw my reflection in the mirror. I thought about how, if I changed, I’d be someone else. I like me, you know? I thought, my dad has no right. He has no right to take me out of me” (Konigsberg 57). In this quote stated from Aisha is shows that she is proud of who she is and doesn’t want anyone or anything to change her identity. Even though, she loved her dad so much she chose to be herself then going somewhere that would make her different
theory really proves the digital age of globalization has connected everyone more than we think. Graph theory has a wide range of applications as we have discovered. These have ranged from the famous Leonhard Euler’s solving of The Seven Bridges of Königsberg problem, to the classic four color theorem, and finally to the current focuses on applications within the realm of computer and data science. With all of these uses, it is certainly clear that graph theory is a subject of modern mathematics that
The Age of Enlightenment took place during mostly the eighteenth century. Also known as the Age of Reason, it was an era in which great discoveries took place in European politics, philosophy, and science. It was an era where all the traditional matters were challenged. There was a desire to change the method of doing things in Europe. The Age of Enlightenment itself led to the production of various books, inventions, laws, and revolutions that still impact today. Many of the ideals formulated during
Leonhard Euler was an outstanding mathematician. He was born on April 15, 1707 in the old city of Basel in Switzerland. His father Paul Euler was a Calvinist priest and an amateur mathematician. His early education and training was based on theology and related subjects. Because his father wants him to become a priest. That’s why he entered the University of Basel to study theology and Hebrew. At the age thirteen, he graduated from the University in philosophy major. Fortunately, famous University
Almost of his movies dealt with sex. Woody Allen was born in Brooklyn N.Y. on December 1, 1935 as Allen Steart Koinsberg to Martin and Nettie Konigsberg. Allen briefly attended New York City College, although he never graduated. During college, he wrote one-liners for the columnist Earl Wilson. It was at this time that he changed his name from Allan Konigsberg to Woody Allen. Soon after, he began writing for television, and in the early ‘60s, he worked as a stand-up comedian. In 1964, Woody Allen,
mathematicians to solve fundamental mathematical problems. Since Hilbert’s study in 1900 on mathematical problems, his questions have influenced mathematics still today. (Jeremy Gray) David Hilbert was born on 23rd January, 1862, Konigsberg, Germany. He attended the University of Konigsberg in the year 1880 to 1885, gymnasium of Wilhelm in the year 1879 to 1880 and Friedricskolleg gymnasium in the year 1872 to 1879. Some of the books that David Hilbert wrote include; statistical mechanics, theory of algebraic
Credibility and Realism in Daniel Defoe's Moll Flanders and Aphra Behn's Oroonoko In the Dictionary of Literary Terms, Harry Shaw states, "In effective narrative literature, fictional persons, through characterization, become so credible that they exist for the reader as real people." (1) Looking at Daniel Defoe's Moll Flanders (2) and Aphra Behn's Oroonoko (3) the reader will find it difficult to make this definition conform to Moll and Behn's narrator. This doesn't mean that Defoe's and Behn's
Philosophy is amongst the most difficult and challenging subjects anyone can discuss. Philosophy has changed throughout the years and it can be inquiring and critical. Most philosophers have different theories on how the world should be and there are many issues and questions that arise. What is real; what is truth; what is good; is the mind something separate from the body; and are we free, or are our actions determined so that we no longer have any control or influence? Immanuel Kant and Ayn Rand
The Age of Reason was a period in time during the 18th century in Europe and America when man become enlightened by reason, science, and humanity. The people involved with the Age of Reason were convinced that human reason could discover the natural laws of the universe, the natural rights of mankind, and the progress in knowledge. Each philosopher had his own ideas and theories about the world, nature, and human beings in general, and every philosopher wrote many essays and books about their own
the categorical imperative and how this theory applies to contemporary ethical issues. Immanuel Kant was born in East Prussia in 1724 (Callanan 3). He earned his doctorate degree in philosophy in 1755 and became a professor at the University of Konigsberg in 1770 (Kuehn 100). He completed several works which were published during his life. These works most notably included “Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science” (1786) and “Metaphysics of Morals” (1797) (Callanan 3). These works and theories