The Königsberg Bridges have posed a philosophical problem in scientific explanation whether explanations should be causal and non-causal. The goal scientific explanation is to explain why events in the physical world have occurred. Specifically, scientific explanations are concerned with causes. Causes are an important part of scientific explanation because it helps to understand why a phenomenon has occurred. Causes of a phenomenon help to understand how explanations work, or why a phenomenon occurs.
Woodward already presents a successful theory of causal explanations. Specifically, Woodward is concerned with causal explanation in the broad sense of the term. I mean that an explanation is proceeded by showing the dependence of an outcome
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The dilemma with the bridges was to determine if there was a way to cross each once and end up on the mainland when starting with the rules of only using the bridge to cross. Euler proved with his graph theory that there is no solution to the Königsberg Bridge Problem. The graph theory is a graph in which the nodes (a point on the graph) have an even number of edges (a line that connects different nodes) or an odd number of edges which have starting and ending line. The graph that represents Königsberg is not Eulerian because it has an odd number of edges and is impossible to connect all the nodes with a continuous line therefore the problem of walking over each of the bridges only once is …show more content…
Specifically, it shows a visual representation all the possible pathways someone could walk on the actual bridges. Specifically, the graph theory states since each node has an odd number of edges then the bridges cannot be crossed with a continuous line. The graph theory representation of this real-world phenomena is an everyday explanation of the bridges has to do with the specific layout and the number of bridges. In addition, this theory is able to be applied to many different scenarios of bridges to explain whether or not different combinations of bridges could hypothetically be crossed. The goal of science is to be able to explain phenomena with generalized observations.
One may argue that the explanation for the Königsberg bridges is in fact causal, as with all successful scientific explanations. Woodward’s argument for the seven bridges being causal is that the explanandum in this case is a real-world event with the bridges are actual bridges in a real town. This means that the Königsberg bridges are not abstract mathematical ideas like the graph theory would present. There are specific, historical reasons as to why and how many of the bridges were built in these specific locations. There was a need for a bridge to connect these two
This bridge was necessary to the people of Harpswell due to the weather changes making it impossible for the fishermen and their families to cross from island to island. They used their fishing boats when the weather cooperated, but when storms arose and when the water
Joseph B. Strauss, a famous designer of movable spans became interested in building a bridge at the Golden Gate so he submitted a proposal. His design was a hybrid structure that included a suspension span of 2,640 feet long along with a cantilevered truss span of 685 ft. on each end. However, his design was rejected by the public because they thought such a bridge would ruin the beauty of the area. Therefore, Strauss had to work with Othmar Ammann, Charles Derleth Jr., and Leon Moisseiff, consulting engineers, who together created a new design. They created a suspension bridge with a length of 4,000 ft. Their new design was approved by the U.S. War Department in 1930 and construction proceeded.
Everything revolves around it because they cannot move forward without first getting rid of that bridge. Since the beginning of the chapters it was clear that bridge is their barrier that is keeping them from winning that war. This bridge has created conflicted among each other with Robert and Pablo. Pablo does not want to disturb the bridge while Robert is trying to follow orders and go follow through the wish of Kashkin who is now dead to blow up that bridge. This conflict is a clear image of their disliking already even though they had barley met. This has been most of what the story has been revolved around because if there wasn’t a bridge then there would be no conflicted they could just move on forward. All though people may think It’s only a bridge it isn’t important all they need to do is blow it up but what about the pros and cons after moving to Segovia and also attract more enemies or leave it alone and stay put and let the war be prolonged. There could have been many different things he could have used instead of a bridge maybe a forest or a sea either way this story could have had many different outcomes but he chose a bridge. This is very symbolic because there are different meanings it can have like crossing over to a better place or to your goal or even risking it because you don’t know where it can lead you. In the end, irony wins because if a bridge is supposed help you go to your goal safely in this case this
Building the bridge means both on a physical and emotional term. Building it to prevent another loss and finally making amends with Leslie's death, 'For hadn't Leslie, even in Terabithia, tried to push back the walls of his mind and make him see beyond to the shining world—huge and terrible and beautiful and very fragile?' (chapter 13) Jesse, in the beginning thought fear as such a despiteful thing, something to be ashamed of and was always tormented by it. Then he came to his senses about this matter, that it was normal, because of Terabithia, of Leslie Burke.
This excerpt of the text The Brooklyn Bridge proves that the author does speak about how the bridge was built but does not speak about who built it. Only the text The Brooklyn Bridge speaks about the aftermath of the bridge being built. In the text The Brooklyn Bridge by The Sun, May 24, 1883 it speaks about the aftermath of the bridge being built says, “Today, a little more than thirteen years from the time of the bridge’s beginning, Mayor Low of Brooklyn will enter the bridge from the Brooklyn end with a crowd of his fellow
The story of “A view from the bridge” has a basis on same state of
Throughout history, a catastrophic bridge failure has occurred about every 330 years. With each failure, our bridges become safer. One such case of a massive collapse that drew national attention was a bridge crossing the Ohio River between Point Pleasant, West Virginia, and Kanauga, Ohio. The Silver Bridge
There are many types of bridges in the world but this very bridge is a very well known "through arch" bridge. Most bridges people imagine is ones that have arches above or below the deck. The deck is the part of the bridge that allows traffic to go from one side to another for transportation. The "through arch" bridge is like a hybrid of both worlds. The arch of the bridge passes through the deck, goes over the deck, and then passes through the other side of the deck once more to make the arch.
Usually, bridges are used only on small networks, or in case where a repeater should be used. Often switchers are used instead of bridges because offer solution that perform better and create fewer problems.
The question of the century is what is a bridge? According to Google’s definition, it is “a structure carrying a road, path, railroad, or canal across a river, ravine, road, railroad, or other obstacle.” Looking further, it provides passage over obstacles such as valleys, rough terrain or bodies of water by spanning those obstacles with manmade materials. Another question is when did bridges erupt? It is said that the first bridges were believed to be made by nature itself.
Bridges were invented in order to get from place to place even over physical obstacles such as water; the idea of a bridge was in fact inspired by nature. A fallen log, piles of stone and dirt, any of these were the perfect form of a natural bridge and were used before a technical “bridge” was invented. The first bridges made by humans were made of cut wooden logs or planks and eventually stones, using simple support systems and cross-beam arrangements. The greatest bridge builders were the ancient Romans. The Romans built arch bridges and aqueducts that could stand in conditions that would damage or destroy earlier designs.
Now that man has overcome the obstacle of getting across rivers, canals, and waterways efficiently, it is now time to perfect these human creations so no more mishaps happen. Even though people keep hearing about collapsing bridges, they still use them because it has become a part of their everyday life style. Without bridges, people would have a difficult time getting from one place to another. It could be done by means of a ferry or other boat, but that is time consuming and a real pain in the neck because once a person gets across the river or canal, they would have to walk everywhere. So, without bridges, things would not be the way they are today.
In order to understand perception 's effect on communication, it helps to understand how individuals try and make sense of their judgments. The Attribution Theory is one element to this understanding. It helps give reasoning or cause for an action by assigning explanations to events. In other words, it allows an individual to give a reason for the result of an action. Psychological research into attribution began with the work of Fritz Heider in the early part of the 20th century, subsequently developed by others such as Harold Kelley and Bernard Weiner.
How the Attribution Theory in an attempt to assign meaning/understanding to events on the basis of eith...
For this bridge its fall was inflicted by an unknown patron. One who’s identity or existence we never see verified. The record of the fall is short in the story described as only being for a moment. Then the bridge was finally introduced to “the sharp rocks which had always gazed up at me so peacefully from the rushing water”. Rocks gazing peacefully? This is almost as absurd as a bridge turning around. An action that the bridge itself cannot seem to believe it is doing. This attempt by the bridge was his final effort before his fall. I cannot even picture how a bridge would turn around and attempt to look on his back. The question that comes to my mind is how can a bridge see what’s on his back? If this book is trying to make us believe that this bridge is a human, or has human like qualities. Then how flexible a person is this bridge? Because I know very few people who can see whats on their back. Especially without turning so much that anything on their back would fall off. So is this bridge so inflexible that it breaks itself by turning around or is it trying to buck off its attacker unintentionally? This answer is never answered due to the story ending shortly thereafter this scene. With the short fall of the bridge onto the sharp rocks it had stared at for the entirety of its life. The events before and during the fall of the bridge was the main issue I had with my thesis that the bridge was