and John Tukey of Princeton published a paper in 1965 reinventing the algorithm and describing how to perform it conveniently on a computer. The Cooley–Tukey algorithm is fast Fourier transform algorithm. It re-expresses the discrete Fourier transform of an arbitrary composite size in terms of smaller discrete Fourier transform of sizes
Contents Introduction 3 Fourier Series, Continuous Transform and Discreet Transform 3 it should be noted that the coefficients in the equations above are given as follows. 3 Application of DFT in power system relaying 7 10 Conclusion 10 References 10 Introduction The use of digital computers for power system relaying has been proposed long time ago in [1]. Discrete Fourier transform (DFT) was one of the first algorithms that have been proposed to be used in digital relaying. DFT has
steering of aircrafts on the concluding advance for landing. ILS receivers employed for predictable flight examination reasons are usually not devoted measurement equipment. A little parts of a receiver are responsive to self-motivated signal transform foundation by multipath propagation effects. Components which relate time dependent parameters such as gain control or filters. Measurement results may suffer from degradation property and be inclined to be un reproducible To sufficiently track these
Obtaining Motion Blur Parameters Form The Frequency Spectrum Fourier transform is applied on digital images to interprets their content in terms frequency information. To illustrate, Flat areas, where the intensity is slowly changing, result in low frequencies. Rough areas, on the other hand, result in high frequencies because of the dramatic change in the intensity value. this paper discusses the impact of manipulating the frequency information of digital images and how the frequency spectrum can
initial step is preprocessing. Image preprocessing is nothing but noise removal and image enhancement. Then feature extraction includes the extraction of key points and key points matching. These matched key points are allowed for estimation of affine transform based on an affine invariant ratio of normalized lengths. At last, Clustering is performed which includes Supervised and Unsupervised Clustering. This results in cluster of images. Each of these clusters will have one image as a representative of
4.1. Wavelet Transforms (WT) 4.1.1. Wavelet Definition A ‘wavelet’ is a small wave which has its energy concentrated in time. It has an oscillating wavelike characteristic but also has the ability to allow simultaneous time and frequency analysis and it is a suitable tool for transient, non-stationary or time-varying phenomena. (a) (b) Fig: 4.0.1 Representation of a wave (a) and a wavelet (b) 4.1.2. Wavelet Characteristics The difference between wave (sinusoids) and wavelet
1.4.1. Image Digitization An image captured by a sensor is expressed as a continuous function f(x,y) of two co-ordinates in the plane. In Image digitization the function f(x,y) is sampled into a matrix with n columns and m rows. An integer value is assigns to each continuous sample in the image quantization. The continuous range of the image function f(x,y) is split into k intervals. When finer the sampling (i.e. the larger m and n) and quantization (the larger k) the better the approximation of
Abstract: Modified Discrete Cosine Transform (MDCT) is a modified form of Discrete Cosine Transform which ensures 50% overlapping of the segments. It is most widely used in audio coding, audio compression and audio signal analysis based applications. MDCT is a real transform and it does not contain any phase information. MDCT eliminates aliasing that occurs in time domain due to the overlapping of the segments. It is used in most of the audio coders for time domain to frequency domain transformation
by analyzing Peak Signal Noise Ratio(PSNR) of different wavelet families like Haar, Daubechies, Biorthogonal, Reverse Biorthogonal & Meyer wavelet(dmey) on result oriented basis using Matlab environment.. Keywords Steganography, Discrete Wavelet Transform, Haar, Daubechies, Biorthogonal, Reverse Biorthogonal , Meyer(dmey) , PSNR & MSE 1. Introduction Steganography is ‘‘covered writing’’. Steganography is the hiding of a secret message within an ordinary message and the extraction of it at its target
ignal before preceding them to digital signal processors and multi-controller. An analogue to digital converter is used to transform analogue signal into digital signals. The output signals from the A/D converter are used to extract parameter and classify patterns which are then identified. After pattern identification, relevant signal are sent to the Fast Fourier Transform unit to simplify calculations. A Microcontroller unit is fed output signal from the signal processor. With the help of a stepper
2.1 (c) Total Harmonics Distortion (THD) The total harmonic distortion is calculated as the ratio of the rms value of its total harmonic component of the output voltage and the rms value of the fundamental component. A total harmonics distortion is an evaluate of closeness in a shape between the output voltage waveform and its fundamental components. THD=√(E_rms^2-E_1^2 )/(E_rms^1 ) 2.1 (d) Distortion Factor (DF) A distortion factor shows the amount of harmonics that remain in the output voltage
Parallel processing:- Parallel processing is efficient form of information processing which emphasizes the exploitation of concurrent event in the computing process. Concurrency implies parallelism, simultaneity and pipelining. Parallel event may occur in multiple resources during the same time interval and pipelined event may occur in overlapped time spans. The highest level of parallel processing is conducted amoung multiple jobs or program through multiprogramming, time sharing and multiprocessor
The Michelson interferometer is a device that can divide a beam of radiation into two paths and then recombine the two beams after a path difference has been introduced. A condition is thereby created under which interference between the beams can occur. The variation of intensity of the beam emerging from the interferometer is measured as a function of path difference by a detector. The Michelson interferometer consists of two mutually perpendicular plane mirrors, one of which can move along an
Synchronized Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) Electrical Control and Protection II Assignment Introduction: More recent technological advancements in microprocessor relays, combined with GPS receivers for synchronization and accurate time stamping, is providing users advanced relay systems with synchronized measurements, called synchrophasor measurements Synchronized .Wide Area measurements (WAMs) is a relatively modern practice universal in the operation and control of electric power
ABSTRACT The focus of this essay is to understand how fingerprints are used in forensic science specifically crime scenes to help in apprehending criminals. The evolution of forensic science over time has enabled detectives to crack cases with ease by use of fingerprints to identify criminals or victims. INTRODUCTION Forensic science Forensic is a Greek word meaning ‘of the forum'. Forensic science can, therefore, be defined as the application of science to public matters. It could also be defined
Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Why silicon integrated photonics? The observation by Gordon Moore in 1965 (now universally referred to as Moore’s law) that the number of transistors on an integrated circuit would double every couple of years has become a beacon that continues to drive the electronics industry [1]. Integrated circuits have grown exponentially from the 30-transistor devices of 1965 to today’s high-end microprocessors exceeding 500 million transistors integrated on a silicon chip the
In recent years, as digital media are achievement wider popularity, their security related issues are suitable superior concern. Digital watermark was first discovering in 1992 by Andrew Tirkel and Charles Osborne. Watermark is derived from the german term “Wessmark. The first watermarks devolved in Italy during the 13th century, but their use apace spread across Europe. Watermarking can be measured as special techniques of steganography where one message is embedded in another and the two messages
signal has to be proceed. The detection of QRS complexes in an ECG signal provides information about the heart rate, the conduction velocity, the condition of tissues within the heart as well as various abnormalities. An algorithm based on wavelet transforms (WT)has been developed for detecting ECG characteristics points. The wavelet based ECG detector consist of a wavelet decomposer with wavelet filter banks, a QRS complex detector of hypothesis testing with wavelet-demodulated ECG signal, and a noise
Technology nowadays is getting more and more dangerous, especially to our ears. Every day we are subjected to videos, text sounds, alert sounds, alarms, and anything else that may be of use in life. These sounds seem to be happening more often which is damaging our ears. There is a solution to this damage though, and that is cochlear implants. These implants will bypass the damaged part of your ear to give you a sense of sound that can be made very useful to the patient. This paper will look into
required for the exploring their anti−cancer applications. Thus, CHPs−AuNPs were revealed as the ideal applicant for the treating cancer cells and other biomedical application. 1. Introduction The nano-biotechnology research field shown fast growth over the past decades, utilizing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in biological applications, due to their unique surface, optical and electronic properties [1,2]. Thus, new research in nano-synthesis, design, and functionalization of AuNPs have to