2.1 (c) Total Harmonics Distortion (THD) The total harmonic distortion is calculated as the ratio of the rms value of its total harmonic component of the output voltage and the rms value of the fundamental component. A total harmonics distortion is an evaluate of closeness in a shape between the output voltage waveform and its fundamental components. THD=√(E_rms^2-E_1^2 )/(E_rms^1 ) 2.1 (d) Distortion Factor (DF) A distortion factor shows the amount of harmonics that remain in the output voltage waveform, after the waveform has been subjected to second order attenuation. It is found as DF= √((∑_(n=2,3..)^∞▒(〖E_(n_rms )/n^2 〗^.)^2 )/E_(1_rms ) ) 3 HARMONICS REDUCTION The power electronics equipments, such as inverter, chopper & rectifier have switching devices and their output produces voltage & current harmonics to the system from which they are working and these harmonics affect the operation of other equipments connected to the same system through conduction or by radio interference. This harmonics gives the following disadvantage: (a) harmonics current will lead to excessive heating in the induction motor connected with the thyristor system and this will reduce the load …show more content…
The flowchart of P&O is given below, and the method basically perturbation increase or decrease by the controller reference voltage by a step size noted as C, hence the subsequently estimate the power difference between the present PV power and that before the perturbation (Observation stage) and the PV source terminal voltage. If the PV power difference is obtained positive that means the PV power is increased and the tracking is in the right direction, the perturbation direction will be carried on (increase or decrease). On the other size the power difference is negative then the power reduction is caused due to the perturbation, so the direction of perturbation should be
The results collected during this investigation were as follows: 68.4 dB for the 10 cm pipe, 69.8 dB for the 20 cm pipe, 79 dB for the 30 cm pipe, 84.2 dB for the 40 cm pipe, and 84.2 dB for the 50 cm pipe. The hypothesis states: if the length of the PVC pipes were to increase and the frequency used in this experiment remained the same, then the sound produced from the pipe will have a lower amplitude each time. According
Firstly, I will explain that portion distortion exists and why it’s a problem. Secondly, I will describe the many benefits of stopping it, and then finally I will convince you that we can stop it.
The effectiveness of a TMD is dependent on the mass ratio (of the TMD to the structure itself), the ratio of the frequency of the TMD to the frequency of the structure (which is ideally equal to one), and the damping ratio of the TMD (how well the damping device dissipates energy).
Contents Page Section 3 ……………… …………………… Introduction 3 ……………… …………………… The Pioneers of the Electronic Age 4 ……………… …………………… The Theory of the Synthesiser 5 ……………… …………………… Other Changes Due to Electronic Technology 6 ………………
The Effect of Intensity on the Power of Solar Cells This experiment involves changing the intensity of light falling on different cells and measuring their power outputs. Higher intensity of light means that there are more photons hitting the surface of the cell per unit area per second. The more hit the cell, the more rapidly the electrons move across the p-n junction, so the larger the emf produced. If the rate of movement of electrons is inhibited, then the greater the rate of supply of photons (intensity), the more will not successfully excite an electron, so the lower the efficiency of the cell.
... Physics." .::. The Pysics of Electric Guitars :: Physics. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 May 2014. .
The PSS is an additional control system, which is often applied as a part of an excitation control system. The basic function of the PSS is to apply a signal to the excitation system, producing electrical torques to the rotor in phase with speed differences that damp out power oscillations. They perform within the generator’s excitation system to create a part of electrical torque, called damping torque, proportional to speed change. A CPSS can be modeled by a two stage (identical), lead-lag network which is represented by a gain K and two time constants T1 and T2. This network is connected with a washout circuit of a time constant Tw. The signal washout block acts as a high-pass filter with the time constant Tw that allows the signal associated with the oscillations in rotor speed to pass unchanged. Furthermore, it does not allow the steady state changes to modify the terminal voltages. The phase compensation blocks with time constants T1i – T4i supply the suitable phase-lead characteristics to compensate the phase lag between the input and the output signals. The commonly used structure of the PSS is shown in Fig
Their performance can be modelled, predicted and analyzed using equivalent circuits, and this experiment examines one of these circuits. MEASUREMENTS ------------ Short-circuit test: Primary voltage (Vsc) = 26V Primary current (I1) =
“The type of music you prefer relates to your personality.” Professor Adrian North of Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK, has attempted the biggest study so far of musical tastes and identity sort. He is a specialist on music brain science and has done far reaching research on the social and connected brain science of music, specifically the relationship between popular music society and uncommon conduct in puberty, music and customer conduct, and the part of musical inclination in ordinary life (Collingwood, 2008). He found out that there are different personalities linked with different genres of music, including rock music, on his research.
This involves relating the current supplied to the motor, motor shaft rotational speed, motor efficiency, and the power factor as a function of the load of the motor, similar to the figure on page 21 of the Lab Manual.
The relation of the filter to the system is illustrated in the block diagram of figure 16. The basic steps of the computational procedure for the discrete-time Kalman estimator are as follows:
Alternating current is always changing in direction and amplitude. The current flow in alternating current changes in even intervals. Ac usually changes in power and direction. The vast majority of power supplied for households and big business is alternating current. This is because of the ease of generating alternating current in alternators. The main concept of alternators is moving a conductor through magnetic lines. The change in the magnetic field around the conductor or vice versa makes electrons move. When you have physically moved either the conductor or magnet in a complete 306-degree circle you have produced one sine wave or one complete cycle. The amount of time it takes to complete one cycle is referred to as a period. The frequency of an alternating sine wave is the amount of cycles per second. Frequency is measured in hertz. One hertz is equivalent to one cycle per second. The frequency coming out of your electrical plug at home is 60 Hz. The peak value in a sine wave is the top voltage level away from zero. The peak-to-peak voltage value is referring to difference between the positive peaks value to the negative peak value. The effective or rms value of a sine wave is the actual amount you would use or measure using a multi-meter. In three-phase alternating current there are three different coils or conductors that produce three different sine waves.
Basic Mathematics for Electronics seventh edition: Nelson M. Cooke, Herbert F.R Adams, Peter B. Dell, T. Adair Moore; Copyright 1960
In this paper, I will talk about how AC circuits can be described by considering voltage and current using complex numbers. An AC circuit requires two separate numbers to be able to completely describe it. This is because it takes into account the amplitude and the phase of the current. The fact that complex numbers can be easily added, subtracted, multiplied or divided with each other makes them ideal for this operation where both amplitude and phase have to work together.
...roduced. For instance, if a player plays a note with a frequency of 512 hertz, then a harmonic or partial is produced above it at 1,024 hertz, and you may hear a base note with the same note an octave higher (Mitchell 2004). Violin players use knowledge of harmonics frequently, and tuning is related to how the base frequencies and harmonics interact.