Methodology
4.1 Iterative Least Square for GPS navigation
This chapter describes an experimental of using Iterative Least Square (ILS) with the application of GPS navigation base on Matlab programming software. The psuedorange and satellite position of a GPS receiver at fix location for a period of 812 seconds is provided.
The following is a brief illustration of the principles of GPS. For more information see previous chapter. The Global positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-base navigation system that provides a user with proper equipment access to positioning information. The most commonly used approaches for GPS positioning are the Iterative Least Square (ILS) and the Kalman Filter (EKF) methods. Both of them are based on psuedorange equation:
(4.1)
In which Xs and Xu represent the position of the satellite and receiver, respectively. is the clock bias of receiver. is a measurement given by receiver for each satellites i.
There are 4 unknowns: the coordinate of receiver position X and clock bias b. The Iterative Least Square (ILS) can be used to calculate these unknowns. The following is a brief illustration of process of Iterative Least Square in flowchart as shown in Figure 11. In the appendix, the Iterative Least Square method on Matlab functions is presented.
Figure 11 Show flowchart of process of Iterative Leart Square for GPS navigation.
The following flowchart shows the data relation and algotithm for estimate the position of user. The first step for GPS positioning is using the position of satellite and pseudorange from GPS receiver data to estimate the position of user. The simulation results for GPS satellite position are shown in T...
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... (4.11)
7. Computing the covarince matrix of
(4.13)
Figure 16 Block diagram of system, measurement model, and discrete-time Kalman filter.
The relation of the filter to the system is illustrated in the block diagram of figure 16. The basic steps of the computational procedure for the discrete-time Kalman estimator are as follows:
1. Compute using , and
2. Compute using (compute in step 1), , and
3. Compute using (compute in step 2) and (from step 1)
4. Compute successive value of recursively using the computed values of (from step 2), the given initial estimate , and the input data .
In above steps describes step for calculate the position of user by using the Extended Kalman Filter Algorithm. In the appendix, Extended Kalman Filter Algorithm on Matlab functions is presented.
The invention of the GPS started with Dr. Ivan Getting leaving his position at Raytheon Company, and armed with the knowledge of what was at the time the most advanced navigational technology in the world, they began developing the Global Positioning System. He, Roger L. Easton, and Bradford Parkison began in the 60’s with a constellation of 24 satellites (placed in six orbital planes) orbiting the earth at a very high altitude (about
The aircraft needs to use two beams to ensure that the pulses return to the aircraft. In certain situations the pulse may not return to the aircraft due to flat glassy water surface (because of the law of reflection) . The Lads software automatically compiles arrival times and fixes errors in the data like tidal variations. Maps can be made after data is compiled from the aircraft by using Global Positioning Satellites, which constructs coordinates and data collected.
GPS systems in earlier history, were primarily used by the military branches of our government to compete with other nations we had been fighting against. At the time, many people were trying to make that technology accessible to the public living in the United States. The idea of adding a GPS inside of a cell phone came to reality briefly before the year 2000. From then on, the GPS technology in cellphones has sophisticated in such a way never imaginable. A lot of good has come from this technology, but there has also been a lot of bad that has come from it as well.
The space-based global navigation satellite system that provides reliable location and time information in all weather and at all times and anywhere on or near the Earth with sub-meter accuracy is called Global Positioning System (GPS) [1]. It consists of a constellation of 28 satellites in six different orbits which give the information of the position of the user with sub meter accuracy [3]. If there are four or more GPS satellites in unobstructed line of sight with the receiver, accurate spatial co-ordinates can be obtained [2]. The datum obtained from the satellites, contain the information about the position and timing by calculating the the Keplerian orbit elements. The location information from GPS is based on the choice of coordinate system and datum [3]. The coordinate systems that are mostly used in GPS are Wor...
0.000 7 63 106 55 74.7 1.245 9 70 135 90 98.3 1.638 11 85 135 70 96.8 1.613 [ IMAGE ] [ IMAGE ] Conclusion = = = =
The basic concept behind understanding GPS is a technique called “triangulating.” By using this technique, we can pinpoint any place on Earth by using only three different satellites. More specifically, we would want to use our distance from these three satellites. Hypothetically speaking, say we measured our distance from one satellite to be 10,000 miles. Our position would be narrowed down to a point on the surface of a sphere, centered on the satellite, with a radius of 10,000 miles. Now, say that the next measurement is 11,000 miles from another satellite and we imagine a similar sphere....
The hospital needs to find a way to improve the tracking of Voice Over IP (VOIP) calls within the hospital and also wants to have a program to improve response time of medical personnel by using the GPS to locate the closes vehicle to the emergency. A design will need to be made of the Requires and Provides interfaces of two components that might be used in the VOIP system. A design of the interface is needed for two components that may be used in the vehicle discovery component to find the nearest vehicle to the incident with the Requires and Provides interfaces.
...regarded GPS – an indispensable part of GIS. Discussions on cartographic principles, commercial GIS software programs, satellite images, aerial photos, and geodatabases are some of the other conspicuous omissions in this book. There is an inconsistency in the depth of topics explored; for example map projections are explored in great depth, while vector topology is merely glossed over. These omissions and inconsistencies would in my opinion make this book marginally less beneficial to all the three audiences together. However, there is something for all them; structure for engineers, equations for engineers and students, and GIS concepts for students, engineers and users. This book will therefore be undeniably valuable if used to complement the material in some of the other fundamental GIS books in the discipline. It has merits, but there is room for improvement.
The paper outlines the use of GIS in road transportation including how the system has evolved over time in the transportation sector. GIS applications require specialized expertise to ensure an accurate collection, analysis, and relay of road network data. It is important to note that GIS systems can be applied in a variety of places within the road network. However, only three places are discussed in the paper: traffic density, vehicle emissions, and road capacity. GIS technology helps in the collection and dispersion of the necessary traffic information to optimize road usage.
This makes use of the control software using a Webcam and some distances and presence sensors controlled by a PIC microcontroller that establishes the communication with the logic circuit with the help of a program. A MEMS accelerometer is used here (it is an apparatus, either mechanical or electromechanical, for measuring acceleration or deceleration - that is, the rate of increase or decrease in the velocity of a moving object acceleration or one of its derivative properties such as vibration, shock, or tilt).
There was a time a person would use a roadmap to get from one location to another. Some also would stop and ask for directions. Today, you seldom see paper maps and people stopping at a local gas station for directions. Many vehicles come with a navigation system that provides a real-time map of the vehicle’s current location as well as systematic directions to requested destination.
GPS is a system of satellites radio-transmitters that orbit the planet in great numbers; their purpose is to be able to pinpoint the exact location of an individual or any type of vessel that is equipped with a receiver transmitter within a very small radius. GPS navigation has had a great impact upon society in general as well and its commercial and military applications. Global Positioning is made available at no cost to anyone who has a GPS receiver unit anywhere on the planet. A GPS unit is able to give the user longitude/latitude information as well as, altitude, traveling speed, distance traveled, distance remaining and time in any type of weather conditions imaginable.
with a digital map, who shows the position of the car. Based on the position of
In this chapter we will discuss about the principles of inertial navigation system. At first we describe about the basics of modelling motion in land vehicle. Second an introduction to inertial sensors is given and then discuss about some useful information like position, velocity, what we get from inertial navigation system as output. Finally we will discuss the drawbacks of inertial navigation systems and try to understand why inertial navigation system is better to use with other navigation system than using it alone.
Venkateswara Rao, G. G., Veereswara Swamy, G. G., Srinivasa Rao, G. G., & Madhusudhana Reddy, P. P. (2011). Design and Implementation Of Hardware And Software Systems For Object Tracking Using RFID Technology. International Journal Of Advanced Networking & Applications, 2(6), 923-926.