Synchronized Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)
Electrical Control and Protection II
Assignment
Introduction:
More recent technological advancements in microprocessor relays, combined with GPS receivers for synchronization and accurate time stamping, is providing users advanced relay systems with synchronized measurements, called synchrophasor measurements Synchronized .Wide Area measurements (WAMs) is a relatively modern practice universal in the operation and control of electric power transmission. It consists of making synchronized measurements of phasor quantities of voltages and currents at several points spaced hundreds or thousands of kilometers points. Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) technology provides phasor information (both magnitude and phase angle) in real time. The importance of data provided by PMUs has been well recognized after a number of major blackouts in many power systems in different parts of the world. PMU is an important component of WAMs.
Synchronized measurements components:
Synchronized measurements of voltages and currents are done by Phasor measurement Units (PMUs). Each PMU has three essential components.
• GPS signal receiver
• Data acquisition module
• Communication module
The GPS signal receiver consists of an aerial and receiver circuits, which detect the 1PPS (pulse per second) and a time tag consisting of the year, day, hour, minute, and second [1].
Synchronizing signal from the GPS satellites. This signal is used to correct for drifts in a local clock oscillator, which keeps the basic time in the PMU. The local clock provides the timing signals to the data acquisition module to sample the voltage and current signals with correct time stamps. These samples are digita...
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The invention of the GPS started with Dr. Ivan Getting leaving his position at Raytheon Company, and armed with the knowledge of what was at the time the most advanced navigational technology in the world, they began developing the Global Positioning System. He, Roger L. Easton, and Bradford Parkison began in the 60’s with a constellation of 24 satellites (placed in six orbital planes) orbiting the earth at a very high altitude (about
GPS systems in earlier history, were primarily used by the military branches of our government to compete with other nations we had been fighting against. At the time, many people were trying to make that technology accessible to the public living in the United States. The idea of adding a GPS inside of a cell phone came to reality briefly before the year 2000. From then on, the GPS technology in cellphones has sophisticated in such a way never imaginable. A lot of good has come from this technology, but there has also been a lot of bad that has come from it as well.
National Instrumentation Data Acquisition system is used to drive Cameras. NI DAQ controls cameras via fire wire. And it mediates between the Software used in the computer to process the video and extract PPG and calculate heart rate.
On August 14th, 2003, a major blackout swept across portions of the northeastern United States and Canada. It was reported that a series of equipment outages in the Midwest led to uncontrolled cascading outages of power transmission lines and generators serving parts of the Northeast, Midwest and Canada. Automatic protective systems operated to open circuits and shut down power plants to prevent further spread of the outages. This is very similar to what happened in The Great Northeast Blackout of 1965. In both situations, the “grid system” shut down one generator in line at a time to protect a surge from the station before it.
...ial approaches which are Normal Accident and HROs, although it seems certain that both of them tends to limit the progression that can contribute toward achieving to highly protective systems. This is because the scope of the problems is too narrow and the potential of the solutions is too limited as well. Hence, Laporte and Consolini et.al., (1991) as cited in Marais, et.al., (2004) conclude that the most interesting feature of the high reliability organization is to prioritize both performance and security by the managerial oversight. In addition, the goal agreement must be an official announcement. In essence, it is recommended that there is a continuing need in the high risk organizations for more awareness of developing security system and high reliability environment in order to gain highly successful method to lower risk in an advance technology system.
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My knowledge of engineering is reasonable and includes transformer substations, power plants, power distribution and transmission systems, industrial motor control and PLC programming, protective relay coordination, FACTS devices, grounding systems, Matlab programming and project management. In addition, I possess practical experience performing power flow, short-circuit and relay coordination analyses while using a power system modelling software such as ETAP, EDSA, DigSilent and CYME. Consequently, the aforementioned experience and solid engineering education along with your training will allow me to provide support to operating and new
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