review focus on essential systems of detoxification in insects (Terriere, 1984); Cytochrome P450s (Phase I-oxidase), Glutathione S-transferases (Phase II-conjugants) and Carboxyesterases (Phase I-hydrolases). Cytochrome P450s This represents a large superfamily of enzymes encoded by CYP genes. They are hemoproteins with varying ... ... middle of paper ... ...ges. Ahmad (1983) also proposed that induction of P450 is not related to host to preference but it is likely in response to plant allelochemicals
Pharmacokinetic has evolved over the years from being a graphic science to a systematic and is frequently used in the current clinical studies. Scientists are progressively being conscious and willing to collect relevant pharmacokinetic data by using the in vitro studies. In vitro studies will allow the safer and more predictable studies compared and results compare to in vivo studies. Interpretation of toxic side effects of all the medications can be studied via pharmacokinetics in vitro analysis
1.0 INTRODUCTION Fungus exists in a form of mycelium or can occur as sclerotia, a resistant structure. The production of additional hyphae and asexual spores, conidia are due to the germination of the sclerotia. The product then will be freely introduced in the soil, water and air. Fungi that are being introduced into body of water which subsequently change the taste and odours of the drinking water. Drinking of the infected water will cause fungal infections in human. Despite through water, human
Question: What is the role of azithromycin for the treatment of gastroparesis? Background: Gastroparesis is a chronic condition that is characterized by the slow movement of gastric contents from the stomach to the small intestine, without evidence of obstruction. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, bloating, and lack of appetite. The most common cause of gastroparesis is diabetes mellitus, however most patients are diagnosed with an idiopathic cause.1 The treatment of gastroparesis
Atrazine, an herbicide is one the most toxic and sustaining pollutants in aquatic environment. It is detectable in surface water and in underground sources of drinking water. Many studies indicate that atrazine might be a potent endocrine-disrupting xenobiotic. There are limited studies have revealed that the effects of atrazine on sex steroids hormones, vitellogenin and induction of aromatase, gonadosomatic index and hepatosomatic index. In this study, juveniles Poecilia sphenops fish was exposed
Codeine is naturally occurring opiate from the poppy plant and is an agonist of µ opioid receptors in the central nervous system, leading to analgesic effects. There are three other opioid receptors (delta, kappa, and the nociceptin orphanin peptide receptor). Opioids acting at the µ receptor have demonstrated significant decreases in pain (Fields, 2011). Codeine is typically prescribed as an oral medication to treat mild to moderate pain, such as cancer pain (Bernard et al., 2006). It is also used
Absorption: The absorption of opioid drugs into the bloodstream is largely dependent on the user’s chosen route of administration for the drug, dosage, and lipid solubility. Most NMPOs are taken orally, and absorbed into the bloodstream from the walls of the intestine. Some abusers crush and convert whole prescription pills into powders that can be smoked, snorted, and injected easily. Alternative routes of administration enable users to combine NMPO active compounds with other drugs for a unique
Leigh syndrome is a fatal disorder that causes progressive neurodegeneration in mostly young kids. It was discovered in 1951 by Denis Leigh who originally named it Necrotizing Encephalomyelopathy. Leigh originally classified it based on phenotypes found in a boy who had normal development until the age of 6 months. After this the boy showed various phenotypes including optic atrophy, deafness, and bilateral spasticity. The neurological phenotypes displayed in the boy were: neuron degeneration, gliosis
Pharmacokinetics and its implications on chemical therapy Pharmacokinetics is one of the two subsections of pharmacology, the other being pharmacodynamics. It studies the processes of Liberation Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion of a chemical compound. Pharmacokinetics allows for mathematical practises to be applied to the four processes, and quantify and therefore assess the effect the concentration of a drug has on the body over time. The five parameters of Liberation Absorption
toxic only as a result of enzymatic modification by the liver’s detoxification machinery—the Cytochrome P450 enzymes. For example, acetaminophen (Tylenol) has no toxic properties by itself but becomes noxious upon conversion to the mitochondrial toxin NAPQI (N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine) through the activity of the P4502E1 enzyme (14). Toxins can cause injury to hepatocytes, BECs, or both. Cytochrome P450 enzymes are most abundant in zone 3 hepatocytes, accounting for the higher rate of drug toxicity
A revolution is taking place in the world of medical treatments. Personalized medicine, as the name implies, is the new up-and-coming way to predict the efficacy of treatment plans for a variety of illnesses. The key to personalized medicine lies within the human genome, in the field of pharmacogenomics. This burgeoning discipline could pave the way for groundbreaking new treatments of a variety of disorders, from cancer to mental illnesses. Psychotropic medications in particular are of great
Diazepam Diazepam, was first marketed under the brand name Valium. It is a benzodiazepine class drug. Contents [hide] 1 Pharmacology 1.1 Mechanism of Action 1.2 Pharmacokinetics 1.2.1 Absorption 1.2.2 Distribution 1.2.3 Metabolism 1.2.4 Elimination 1.3 Chemistry 2 Indications 3 Cautions 4 Contraindications 5 Side Effects 5.1 Common Side Effects 5.2 Less Common Side Effects 6 Legal Status 7 Page data [edit] Pharmacology [edit] Mechanism of Action Benzodiazepines, such as diazepam, achieves its
Interactions of Alcohol with Drug Therapy Ethanol, ethylic alcohol or simply alcohol is an organic substance with one or more hydroxil groups (-OH) [1]. For instance, it is used as a pharmaceutical compounds, in alcoholic beverages, as a dehydrating agent in labs and industries or as an antiseptic agent. Generally, ethanol is a CNS (central nervous system) depressant with anesthetic properties causing cognitive and motor damage at relatively low doses. Nevertheless ethanol in high doses can induce
Brown Bull have responded by evolving various mechanism to evolve resistance to pollutants, in order to have a superior performance. These contaminations can cause changes in brown bullhead’s behavior, physiology and dispersal as a adaptive response to pollution (Breckels et al. 2010) to increase their survival (Wilson and Franklin et al. 2002). These changes allowed them to increase their life span and gain highest fitness in stressful conditions. Any of these response observed in organism are the
Liposuction: The Bad and The Ugly Due to the risk involved, liposuction is not the answer to having a great body. Liposuction is one of the most popular forms of cosmetic surgery today. Those seeking the perfect body seldom understand the risks involved in this invasive surgery. One of the risks of liposuction is that fat cells can grow back in the area where the procedure took place. Another risk associated with this procedure is over-aggressive fat removal. Poor work performed by untrained doctors
tract and extensively binds to plasma proteins, such as serum albumin; however, because prednisone is “biologically inert,” it must be converted to the active metabolite prednisolone, which is then metabolized mainly in the liver and utilizes cytochrome P450 enzymes (Frey & Frey, 1990, p. 129). The half-life of prednisone is two to three hours, and is excreted in the urine as “sulfate and glucuronide conjugates” (Frey & Frey, 1990, p.
Cell death restrains the superfluity of physiological processes such as embryogenesis, post-embryonic development (Penaloza et al, 2006) and tissue homeostasis and abrogating cell death provokes various diseases such as autoimmune diseases and cancers. (Galluzzi, Maiuri et al. 2007) In the long time of cell death related studies researcher have found dozens of methods to study the death related parameters but none of these method fulfill the requirement. NCCD (Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death)
Viagra Viagra: What, Who, Why, and How Sildenafil Citrate, more commonly known by the brand name Viagra, has become one of the most commonly prescribed drugs in America. Viagra is used to treat erectile dysfunction, also known as impotence. Erectile Dysfunction is best defined as the inability to maintain an erection necessary for sexual satisfaction. Sildenafil has been shown to be effective for a "broad range ED patients, including those with a history of mellitus, depression, … hypertension
In addition to the importance of knowing the effects of substrates on a given phenotype, it is also important to note the effects of inducers and inhibitors of CYP enzymes. Medications that are either inhibitors or inducers of a CYP enzyme can change a person’s given phenotype by increasing or decreasing the protein’s metabolic capabilities. For example, a PM for CYP2D6 who receives an inhibitor of 2D6, such as the antiarrhythmic quinidine, will have greatly increased metabolism of dextromethorphan
Porphyrins are natural occurring compounds consisting of tetrapyrrolic macrocycle as shown in Figure 1.1 (A). Porphyrins are essential for living organism as they involve in various biological processes such as oxygen binding, electron transfer, biocatalysis and photochemical routes (Cragg, 2005). Metals in biological system are often bound to porphyrin forming metalloporphyrins. For example, magnesium binds to porphyrin to form chlorophyll (Figure 1.1 (B)) that plays the role as a light harvesting