3.3 COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) Presentation: COD is another measure of natural material defilement in water determined in mg/l. COD is the measure of broke down oxygen needed to bring about substance oxidation of the natural material in water. Both BOD and COD are key pointers of the natural soundness of a surface water supply. They are generally utilized as a part of waste water treatment however once in a while all in all water treatment. Employments of reagent: (a) Standard potassium
Urban Environmental Problems of the City of Banjul, the Public Health Challenges and where lies the solution. - By Abdoukarim Sanneh The spatial and land use planning of the city Banjul, date back to colonial days and this led the genesis of land office now know as the Department of Physical Planning in colonial protectorate area. The development planning of the city of Banjul with the introduction of streets and their names, sewage and drainage facilities, electricity, pipe- borne water etc was
Water bodies both produce and consume oxygen. It gains oxygen from the atmosphere and from plants as a result of photosynthesis. For flowing water it would dissolve more oxygen because of the effect of its churning and continuous movement. Waste water containing organic materials are decomposed by microorganisms that utilize the oxygen within the stream. The Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is the amount of oxygen consumed in this process. Other sources of oxygen consuming waste include storm water
Abstract The cause of ValuJet flight 592 crash was that just before take-off expired chemical oxygen generators were mislabeled and placed in the cargo compartment. One of the generators accidentally activated and got hot. This caused other materials in the cargo compartment to burn and a fire started in the aircraft. This research will show the law suits between SabretTech and ValuJet concerning the crash of flight 592. It will also partially discuss the lawsuits that came from the family of the
BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) BOD is the traditional, most widely used test to establish concentration of organic matter in wastewater samples. BOD is based on the principle that if sufficient oxygen is available, aerobic biological decomposition (i.e., stabilization of organic waste) by microorganisms will continue until all waste is consumed. The BOD test is also known as "BOD5" since it is based on the accurate measure of DO (dissolved oxygen) at the beginning and end of a five-day period in
elements for growth, acclimated microorganisms and oxygen may be added to facilitate the BOD test. For the determination of carbonaceous BOD a nitrification inhibitor may be added. The amount of oxygen consumed by the microbes is measured at time 0 and then after five days of incubation, using chemical procedures, an oxygen electrode or BOD apparatus. BOD is calculated using the equation: BOD (mg/L) = (D1-D5)/ P where D1= initial dissolved oxygen (DO), D5 = DO at day 5 and P= decimal volumetric fraction
the wastewater. Some systems utilize a pretreatment stage prior to the main treatment processes, as well as more treatment and sanitizing prior to release into the environment. Anaerobic bacteria (bacteria that live in environments that contain no oxygen) transform organic matter in the wastewater into biogas that contains large amounts of methane gas and carbon dioxide. Often used to treat industrial wastewater that contains high levels of organic matter in warm temperatures. Usage Used in rural
They usually come from human sewage. As pathogen numbers increase, so does the risk of human health. Biochemical Oxygen Demand: Organic wastes that decay in a body of water. decrease the amount of oxygen found in it. The living things in the lake need oxygen to survive. If the oxygen level is depressed to zero, all fish in the lake die. Any decomposition that does not contain oxygen starts to generate noxious gases such as Hydrogen Sulfide. Pulp and paper mills, and municipal sewage causes BOD
increased exposure to second-hand cigarette smoke, growing populations in polluted city centers, and new housing that is poorly ventilated contribute to the increase in asthma cases. Breathing Every cell in the human body requires oxygen to function, and the lungs make that oxygen available. With every breath we take, air travels to the lungs through a series of tubes and airways. After passing through the mouth and throat, air moves through the larynx, commonly known as the voice box, and then through
However, the largest use of this metal is in the form of titanium (IV) oxide, which accounts for over 96% of titanium consumption worldwide. Because of its excellent physical properties, which are the lack of colour, high refractive index and chemical inertness, titanium dioxide is the principal inorganic synthetic pigment on the market with over 3,000,000 tonnes per annum produced accounting for 66% of the global production capacity of pigments as shown in table 1: [3] Pigment Tonnes per annum
Most chemicals from these plants are discharged directly into waterways as waste (ICEM, 2007). One way is seepage: chemicals soak through the earth into groundwater from waste disposal sites and agricultural land, for example. Another way is runoff: chemicals are washed into bodies of water from the land where they were used or spilled (ICEM, 2007). Effluents can cause fish and other
These days, forests are very important in maintaining biodiversity. It provides lots of oxygen and takes a big role in our life as well. The tropical forests of the earth are nearly immeasurable riches such as they are home for many people, as well as uncountable animal and plant species (National Geographic, n.d.). Furthermore, they contribute to air circulation, maintaining water quality and global climate stability. In spite of providing many advantages, it also has many disadvantages such as
your muscles rely on oxygen it is important that I understand how oxygen is transported to the bodies cells. Oxygen is picked up by haemoglobin which is contained by red blood cells. In the lungs haemoglobin becomes ox haemoglobin and the via versa happens when the oxygen is removed by the cells. Oxygen is also used in cell metabolism as it is a reactant. Now I will explain a bit about cell metabolism. Cell Metabolism Metabolism is a chemical process where chemical reactions take place
practice that helps prevent water pollution. For example, paper recycling helps prevent water pollution by lowering the demand for raw timber, allowing more trees to remain on the mountainside for stabilizing the soil, cooling tributary waters, and otherwise benefiting water quality. Recycled paper is also easier to pulp than timber. It takes less energy, less water, and fewer chemicals to create recycled paper than it does to create paper from raw wood. We also can recycle other items to help prevent
capacity to consume oxygen during exercise. Several experiments have yielded results demonstrating that interval training increases both VO2 peak (Perry, 2008) and VO2 max (Sloth, 2013). Oxygen is necessary for the conversion of sugar, protein, and lipids into usable energy. The chemical processes involved in aerobic metabolism are not possible without oxygen, particularly the electron transport chain, the mechanism responsible for 95% of the ATP needed to keep cells alive. Oxygen is necessary to
estimate that South Africa will be short of 3-billion cubic meters of water by 2030 which amounts to 17% of probable demand. As water resources decline and water quality and reliability of supply become suspect, more and more people and companies
response of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems to the demands of exercise. 1. Cardiovascular system The acute response of the heart to exercise increases at the beginning of exercises. This can be changed by chemicals named adrenaline and noradrenaline, what are known as neurotransmitters that are found in the brain and released during the exercises. They let an impulse from one nerve cell to pass to a different nerve cell; these chemicals prepare the heart for exercise, therefore, there is a growth
---------------------------------------------------------------------- The Real Importance ------------------- For millions of years the chemical needs of the biosphere have run on solar energy. Plants (along with some bacteria and green algae) are autotrophs that have the ability to convert this solar energy into chemical energy by a process called photosynthesis. This chemical energy, stored in plants is the fuel that sustains life. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: The Light Reaction. -----------------------------------
coagulation and flocculation, and it accomplishes remarkable increases in the pollutants removal from the influent (Ødegaard, 1989; Rashed et al., 1997; Ayoub et al., 2013; Rashed et al., 2013a; Rashed et al., 2013b). Chemical precipitation is the technique of CEPT process, the main idea of chemical precipitation that it converts soluble substances to insoluble particles, which can be flocculated and separated from the liquid. Removal efficiencies depend on mixing times, mixing
increases the efficiency with which the body is able to utilize oxygen (Dintiman, Stone, Pennington, & Davis, 1984). “An aerobic activity is any sustained moderately strenuous effort carried on at an intensity level just high enough to let the heart and lungs keep pace with the increased need for oxygen required by the working muscles” (Fine, & Kusinitz, 1995). In other words, aerobic exercise means that continuous and large amounts of oxygen are needed in order to generate the amount of energy needed